This special section of the FY 1998 budget justifications provides information about major NASA programs that are either in the design and development phase or have not completed their initial operational phase. In several instances, information about programs which are not "major" but are of special interest has been included. The budgetary estimates are expressed in millions of dollars of budget authority. * Estimates of the FY 1996 and prior fiscal year budget authority are the "actual" amounts. The
FY 1997 amounts are consistent with the proposed NASA Operating
Plan as of December 1996. The amounts for FY 1998 and future fiscal
years are expressed in "real year" economics, that is,
they include an adjusting factor for the future inflation expected
to be experienced. If the term "constant dollars" is
used in the budget justifications, that phraseology indicates
that the numbers do not include inflationary adjustments beyond
the fiscal year referenced (e.g., "constant FY 1994 dollars").
The estimates provided below are intended to be comprehensive,
including all related mission-unique costs, but there are limitations.
The direct and indirect costs incurred by foreign governments
or other federal agencies in support of these missions have not
been included. (The reader is referred to the NASA Program Status
Reports, a biannual document published by NASA, for the most accurate
information available to NASA on the amounts incurred or to be
incurred.) The estimates of civil service costs have been included,
but these estimates should be considered preliminary, and they
will continue to be refined as the agency moves toward full cost
accounting over the next two years.
* Budget authority is a term used to represent the amounts
appropriated by the Congress in a given fiscal year; budget
authority provides government agencies with the authority
to obligate funds. The ensuing obligations, cost incurrence, and
expenditures (outlays) can differ in timing from the fiscal year
in which Congress provides the budget authority in an appropriations
act. Budget authority in this section is expressed in millions
of dollars.
The High Speed Research Program is a cooperative government-industry
program to develop the technologies required by U.S. firms to
design and build an environmentally compatible and economically
competitive high-speed civil transport aircraft for the post-2000
period. The program consists of two phases. Phase I was initiated
in FY 1990. Research was initiated at that time into environmental
issues, such as atmospheric effects (e.g., ozone depletion), take-off
and landing noise levels, and sonic booms for overland flight.
Potential technology solutions have also been investigated. Phase
II began in FY 1994, following a presentation of the encouraging
preliminary results from Phase I activities. This phase involves
both government funding and industry contributions of facilities,
personnel, and supporting R&D. Development and validation
of specific airframe and engine designs, design tools, and technologies
for manufacturing processes are underway. This phase will conclude
in 2002. It should be noted that the government funding does not
provide for the development of a prototype aircraft.
The HSR program previously included the Environmental Research
Aircraft and Remote Sensor Technology (ERAST) project element,
with the objective of developing the technology for remotely piloted
aircraft to serve as platforms to sample the stratospheric atmosphere
for exhaust gases and particulates. The technology was not developing
fast enough to meet the timelines of HSR, so the ERAST program
was replanned to develop and commercialize remotely piloted aircraft.
The objectives of ERAST no longer support the primary HSR objectives.
ERAST has therefore been transferred from HSR into the R&T
base, and the associated funding has been deleted from the HSR
program accordingly.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included
in the specific budget justification within the Aeronautics section
in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by
industry, or for the use of government facilities and general
support used to carry out the research. A more detailed exposition
of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in
the specific budget justification narrative.
| High Speed Research Program | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 658.1 | 233.3 | 243.1 | 245.0 | 174.0 | 91.2 | 60.2 | 60.2 | -- | 1,765.1 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (1849) | (568) | (573) | (566) | (584) | (514) | (481) | (468) | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 112.7 | 41.0 | 44.2 | 45.9 | 46.2 | 41.4 | 39.7 | 41.0 | -- | -- |
The Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) program is a cooperative
government-industry program to develop technologies in areas where
such developments will facilitate the economic and technological
competitiveness of U.S. subsonic aircraft producers. These developments
include not only airframe, engine, and avionics technology improvements,
but also short-haul aircraft, environmental studies, efficiency
and safety improvements, advanced air traffic technology, and
aircraft design and manufacturing tools. This systems technology
program was preceded by activities funded within the research
and technology base for many years; the decision to create a focused
program was made in the FY 1991 budget. The specific objectives
set forth for this program are intended to be completed by FY
2004.
In FY 1996, the Fly-by-light/Power-by-Wire (FBL/PBW) element of
AST program was terminated and the out-year composite fuselage
project was eliminated. Funding for the AST program has been reduced
to reflect these changes. In addition, a new change in the AST
program is being is being discussed that will shift the emphasis
from economics to revolutionary advances in the software tools
necessary to design, manufacture and certify aviation systems
in order to provide significant reductions in the cost of aircraft.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included
in the specific budget justification within the Aeronautics section
in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. As such, they do not include the amounts being contributed
by industry, or for the use of government facilities and general
and administrative support used to carry out the research. A more
detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities
is provided in the specific budget justification narrative.
| Advanced SubsonicTechnology | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 232.5 | 169.8 | 173.6 | 211.1 | 187.0 | 144.2 | 163.3 | 94.0 | 107.1 | 1,482.6 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (830) | (536) | (597) | (541) | (493) | (443) | (389) | (342) | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 53.4 | 38.7 | 46.1 | 43.9 | 39.1 | 35.7 | 32.1 | 30.0 | -- | -- |
In FY 1983, NASA received approval to enter into a preliminary
definition phase of a space station. A cost target was established
at that time by President Reagan; this target provided guidance
to the team undertaking the definition of what capabilities a
space station could have for this amount of money. Due to the
uncertainty of future inflation, the target was expressed in constant
1984 dollars. The target value of $8 billion was intended to cover
the costs which would be incurred to perform the preliminary definition
and the development of space station hardware and ground systems.
The President also directed NASA to solicit the involvement of
international parties in the space station.
After three years studying numerous design concepts, a final reference
design was established by NASA and our international partners--Japan,
Canada, and the member nations of the European Space Agency. Prior
to requesting from the Administration and Congress the authority
to proceed into the development phase, NASA undertook a comprehensive
cost estimate. The resultant estimate of $14.5 billion (expressed
in 1984 dollars for comparison purposes) was presented to the
Administration in early 1987. After consideration, the Administration
directed a National Research Council (NRC) review of the reference
design and the cost estimate. The NRC reported back that the space
station could be built in two phases, with the second phase adding
the dual keel configuration, the co-orbiting platform, servicing
capabilities, and additional solar dynamic power modules. The
NRC included in its estimate of $21.0-25.0 billion (1984 dollars),
a number of additional cost elements : operations, marginal Shuttle
flight costs, a crew rescue vehicle, civil service salaries and
expenses, facilities, and provision for additional testing and
backup hardware. These estimates were furnished to the Congress
in mid-1987 for their review prior to action on NASA's FY 1988
appropriation.
Over each ensuing year, Congress approved continuation of the
Space Station Freedom program, but reduced each year's appropriations
request. On several occasions, Congress directed NASA to redesign
the Station to conform not only to the reduced appropriations
request in that year but also to reduced projections of future
funding availability for NASA's overall budget. In early 1993,
President Clinton directed NASA to undertake a 90 day study of
lower cost redesign options for the Space Station, and appointed
an Advisory Committee on the Redesign of the Space Station. In
June 1993, upon receiving the final reports and the Advisory Committee's
recommendations, President Clinton selected an option (A) from
the three options presented and directed NASA to execute the Space
Station program for no greater than $2.1 billion per year. This
figure encompassed not only the development and operational costs
of the Space Station itself but also the costs for a program of
precursor scientific research, the expenses for integrating the
Space Shuttle and the Space Station and the development of experimental
facilities and capabilities for the Space Station. The cap excluded
the costs of civil service salaries and expenses, Space Shuttle
operational flight costs, and performance improvements to the
Shuttle.
In the Fall of 1993, President Clinton invited the Russian Government to become a participant in the program. The Russians offered access to their Mir space station in the interim period between 1995 and the beginning of the international Space Station's
assembly. The Congress and Administration agreed in late 1993 that the $100 million amount to be paid annually to the Russian
Space Agency for hardware and services over the FY 1994-97 period
was outside the $2.1 billion annual cap. Since late 1993, the
U.S. and the newly expanded set of international partners have
proceeded with the final design and hardware development for an
international Space Station with significantly greater capabilities
for research than those which would have been provided on Space
Station Freedom or the option selected in the redesign process.
The budgetary estimates provided below include the amounts for
this program in the Human Space Flight appropriation. Previous
budgets provided funding for Space Station related research and
payloads in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation.
This past year NASA consolidated the management of Space Station
research and technology, science utilization, and payload development
with the Space Station development and operations program in order
to enhance the integrated management of the total content of the
annual $2.1 billion budget. The FY 1998 budget reflects that consolidation
by funding the total annual $2.1 billion budget within the Space
Station budget line of the Human Space Flight appropriation account.
The research and technology elements of the program, including
Mir research and support, utilization support, life and microgravity
sciences payloads and research, and the station-related space
product development activities, are now included in the Research
line. The FY 1998 budget proposes multi-year appropriations for
the development of the Space Station.
The totals provide the current estimate for the costs to be incurred
through the date when the completion of the U.S. element assembly
milestone in June 2002 is accomplished. They do not include the
amounts being contributed by the international partners, the $400
million contract with the Russian Space Agency, the costs of the
non-program unique NASA facilities, Shuttle performance improvements
and flight operations costs, and the general and administrative
support used to execute the program. The present cost estimate
for the average costs of the 18 Space Shuttle flights for assembly
of the U.S. elements by June 2002 is $7.4 billion. Four flights
largely dedicated to partner elements are estimated at $1.7 billion.
An additional 6 Shuttle flights will be made for research and
technology utilization purposes during the assembly period; at
average costs, these utilization flights are estimated at $2.5
billion. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives
and activities is provided in the specific budget justification
narrative for the program within the budget justifications for
the Space Station.
| International Space Station | PRIOR | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | Balance to June 2002 | * TOTAL |
| PROGRAM ELEMENTS WITHIN $2.1 BILLION ANNUAL FUNDING CAP | -- | 2,106.0 | 2,112.9 | 2,143.6 | 2,148.6 | 2,121.3 | 2,109.2 | 1,914.6 | 1,596.8 | 1,147.0 | 17,400.0 |
| HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT ** | 10,234.1 | 2,106.0 | 2,112.9 | 2,143.6 | 2,148.6 | 2,121.3 | 2,109.2 | 1,914.6 | 1,596.8 | 1,147.0 | 27,634.1 |
| SPACE STATION | 10,234.1 | 2,106.0 | 2,112.9 | 2,143.6 | 2,148.6 | 2,121.3 | 2,109.2 | 1,914.6 | 1,596.8 | 1,147.0 | 27,634.1 |
| DEVELOPMENT | 9,190.4 | 1,918.2 | 1,749.4 | 1,746.2 | 1,766.3 | 1,386.1 | 898.4 | 651.5 | 285.1 | 105.5 | 19,697.1 |
| OPERATIONS | -- | -- | 108.9 | 120.0 | 177.6 | 490.1 | 714.6 | 750.6 | 750.6 | 637.4 | 3749.8 |
| RESEARCH | 121.0 | 187.8 | 254.6 | 277.4 | 204.7 | 245.1 | 496.2 | 512.5 | 561.1 | 404.1 | 3264.5 |
| OTHER | 922.7 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 922.7 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (3,245) | (1,283) | (1,441) | (1,934) | (2,188) | (2,425) | (2,309) | (2,195) | (2,166) | (1,586) | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) *** | 164.5 | 85.9 | 102.6 | 139.6 | 168.8 | 196.6 | 182.8 | 176.7 | 179.0 | -- | 139.0 |
* Balance of estimate is for 9 months of the fiscal year, through June 2002 (U.S. assembly complete)
** The amounts shown have been restated to include the funds appropriated in FY 1997 and prior years to the Science. Aeronautics and Technology, Construction
of Facilities and Research and Development appropriations.
*** Civil Service estimates include only FTEs for the International
Space Station within Human Space Flight
Funding to begin development of an alternate design for the two
turbopumps driving the Space Shuttle's Main Engine was initiated
in FY 1987. The development of a new high-pressure oxygen turbopump
and hydrogen fuel turbopump was undertaken to improve the
safety, reliability, producibility, and maintainability of the
current turbopumps. After an initial period of design and development,
problems experienced in early development testing and accompanying
increased costs resulted in suspension of the fuel turbopump's
development, while development activities concentrated on the
oxygen turbopump. Although further development problems were encountered
with the oxygen turbopump, their successful resolution led to
Congress agreeing in Spring 1994 to resumption of the fuel turbopump's
development. The first flight of the oxygen turbopump occurred
in 1995, and the initial flight of the fuel pump will be in early
FY 1998. The budgetary estimates provided below include not only
the funding required for the design, development, and extensive
testing of these two types of turbopumps, but also the funding
needed to produce the flight turbopumps for installation into
the main engines for the four-orbiter fleet. The runout budget
estimate of $970.6 million reflects a decrease of $59.8 million
from the FY 1997 budget estimate. The decrease is due to a reduction
of project reserves, consistent with expected technical progress.
The reserves will remain available at the program level, however,
should they be required.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included
in the Human Space Flight appropriation for this program. They
do not include the amounts for the use of government facilities
and general and administrative support used to carry out the development.
A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and
activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative
for the Space Shuttle program.
| Alternate Turbo Pump Development | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 554.8 | 68.7 | 46.7 | 46.7 | 22.1 | 10.8 | -- | -- | -- | 749.8 |
| IMPLEMENTATION | 58.4 | 28.3 | 48.7 | 49.5 | 28.2 | 7.7 | -- | -- | -- | 220.8 |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 613.2 | 97.0 | 95.4 | 96.2 | 50.3 | 18.5 | -- | -- | -- | 970.6 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (410) | (55) | (51) | (26) | (16) | (16) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 22.5 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
The design and development of a lighter external tank for the
Space Shuttle was undertaken in 1993 after tests of new aluminum-lithium
materials indicated that a significantly lighter external tank
could be produced. The anticipated weight savings of approximately
7500 pounds would recover some of the ascent performance losses
resulting from safety and reliability improvements instituted
after the Challenger disaster. Coupled with other performance
gains, the super lightweight tank will facilitate the Space Shuttle's
operations at new higher inclination orbit established in 1993
for the international Space Station. The first launch of a Space
Shuttle with the new tank is planned for late 1997. In addition
to the design and development costs, the figures shown below as
"recurring cost" provide the estimate of the funding
required for the external tank program's production of the new
tanks. The estimates include the additional material cost which
will be incurred in the production of subsequent tanks. The aluminum-lithium
material is a specialty metal produced to rigorous specifications
and accordingly costs more than the aluminum used at present.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included
in the Human Space Flight appropriation for this program. They
do not include the amounts for the use of government facilities
and general and administrative support used to carry out the development
activities. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives
and activities is provided in the specific budget justification
narrative for the Space Shuttle program.
| Super Lightweight Tank | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT COST | 92.0 | 30.7 | 17.5 | 9.2 | 6.8 | -- | -- | -- | *43.8 | 200.0 |
| RECURRING COST | 28.7 | 27.3 | 31.9 | 33.1 | 33.1 | 8.5 | -- | -- | Cont. | 162.6 |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 120.7 | 58.0 | 49.4 | 42.3 | 39.9 | 8.5 | -- | -- | 43.8 | 362.6 |
| *- Undistributed reserve | ||||||||||
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (73) | (78) | (68) | (64) | (37) | (43) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 2.9 | 3.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
The design and development of the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics
Facility (AXAF) was approved by Congress in the FY 1989 budget.
The AXAF is the third of the four "Great Observatories"
intended to observe the universe in four electromagnetic spectrum
regions: visible, infrared, gamma ray, and x-ray. The initial
phase of the AXAF's development was limited to a feasibility demonstration
of the new mirror technology required to achieve the AXAF's objectives.
A specially designed x-ray calibration facility was constructed
to assure the mirrors meet their design specifications. The second
phase was approved by Congress after the demonstration mirrors
were successfully tested. In 1992, NASA management directed the
restructuring of the AXAF program to reduce projected future funding
requirements. A two-spacecraft approach was selected, a large
imaging spacecraft (AXAF-Imaging) and a smaller spectroscopy
spacecraft (AXAF-Spectroscopy). In 1993, Congress directed
the elimination of the AXAF-S. The launch of the AXAF-I spacecraft
is scheduled for September 1998 aboard the Space Shuttle, with
an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) providing delivery into a highly
elliptical orbit around the Earth. The budgetary estimates provided
below encompass: the early development of the mirror technology;
the design and development phase; establishment of a mission-unique
science center and preflight ground system development, followed
by a five-year period (1998-2002) of mission operations and science
data analysis; the purchase of the IUS and integration activities;
the average cost (including recurring costs for improvements and
upgrades) of an FY 1998 Space Shuttle flight; mission-unique tracking
and data support costs; and, the construction of the X-Ray Calibration
Facility.
The estimates provided below include a pro forma distribution
of the average costs of a Space Shuttle. They do not include the
amounts being contributed by international participants, or for
the use of non-program-unique government facilities and general
and administrative support used to carry out the research and
development activities. A more detailed exposition of the program
goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget
justification narrative for the program within the Space Science
section.
| Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| ADVANCED TECH DEVELOPMENT | 54.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 54.2 |
| DEVELOPMENT | 943.8 | 237.6 | 178.6 | 92.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1,452.2 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | 52.5 | 40.4 | 41.3 | 45.4 | 63.6 | 63.3 | 67.3 | 69.9 | 76.3 | 520.0 |
| UPPER STAGE | 32.6 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 5.3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 67.7 |
| STS LAUNCH SUPPORT | -- | 216.7 | 86.6 | 130.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 433.3 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | .3 | .5 | .4 | .3 | .2 | .2 | .2 | .2 | 1.4 | 3.7 |
| CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES | 17.7 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 17.7 |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 1,101.1 | 510.5 | 321.4 | 273.2 | 63.8 | 63.5 | 67.5 | 70.1 | 77.7 | 2,548.8 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | -- | (1052) | (269) | (235) | (183) | (70) | (36) | (36) | (36) | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | -- | 61.5 | 19.4 | 18.1 | 14.8 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | -- |
The purpose of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) mission
is to explore the nature of the cosmos through the unique windows
available in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
SIRTF is the fourth of NASA's Great Observatories, which include
the Hubble Space Telescope, the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory,
and the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility. The funding plan
provided below reflects a dramatic restructuring of the SIRTF
design concept carried for many years. Rather than simply "descoping"
the "Great Observatory" concept to fit within a $400
million (FY94 $) cost ceiling imposed by NASA, scientists and
engineers have instead redesigned SIRTF from the bottom-up. The
goal was to substantially reduce costs associated with every element
of SIRTF -- the telescope, instruments, spacecraft, ground system,
mission operations, and project management. The Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL) was assigned responsibility for managing the
SIRTF project. SIRTF is planned for launch on a Delta launch vehicle
during FY 2002. The FY 1998 budget proposes multi-year appropriations
for development of SIRTF. This will ensure the stability to manage
and execute this program within its budget and schedule commitments.
The budgetary estimates below are the amounts included in the
Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this program.
They do not include the amounts for the definition phase studies
carried out prior to FY 96. A more detailed exposition of the
program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific
budget justification narrative for the program within the Space
Science section.
| Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| ATD | -- | 15.0 | 24.9 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 39.9 |
| DEVELOPMENT | -- | -- | -- | 81.4 | 126.5 | 108.1 | 97.6 | 19.2 | -- | 432.8 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 20.0 | 101.2 | 121.2 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | -- | -- | -- | -- | 8.0 | 21.9 | 19.7 | 6.6 | -- | 56.2 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | TBD |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | -- | 15.0 | 24.9 | 81.4 | 134.5 | 130.0 | 117.3 | 45.8 | 101.2 | 650.1 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | -- | -- | (3) | (2) | (2) | (2) | (2) | (2) | (2) | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | -- | -- | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -- |
The development of the Relativity mission began in 1993, after
many years of studying mission design alternatives and developing
the advanced technologies required for this mission to verify
Einstein's theory of general relativity. The award of the
spacecraft development contract was made in 1994. The scheduled
launch date is October 2000, using a Delta II launch vehicle.
The estimates provided below include funding for the experiment
development activities, a minimum of 16 months of mission operations,
and the launch services.
The budgetary estimates below are the amounts included in the
Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this program.
They do not include the amounts for the definition phase studies
carried out from FY 1985-87, but they do provide the amounts for
the Shuttle Test of Relativity Experiment program initiated in
FY 1988 and subsequently restructured into a ground test program
only. The estimates also exclude the non-program-unique government
facilities and general and administrative support used to carry
out the research and development activities. A more detailed exposition
of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in
the specific budget justification narrative for the program within
the Space Science section.
| Relativity Mission/Gravity Probe-B | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 219.8 | 51.5 | 59.6 | 45.6 | 44.0 | 35.8 | 4.1 | -- | -- | 460.4 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 20.8 | -- | -- | 20.8 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | -- | -- | 6.8 | 14.7 | 18.8 | 16.7 | .2 | -- | -- | 57.2 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | TBD | -- | -- | TBD |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 219.8 | 51.5 | 66.4 | 60.3 | 62.8 | 52.5 | 25.1 | -- | -- | 538.4 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (62) | (15) | (13) | (13) | (13) | (12) | (12) | -- | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 3.5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -- | -- | -- |
The TIMED mission is the first science mission in the Solar Terrestrial
Probes (STP) Program, and is part of NASA's initiative aimed at
providing cost-efficient scientific investigation and more frequent
access to space. The development cost for the TIMED mission is
capped at $100 million in FY 1994 dollars. TIMED will be developed
for NASA by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
(APL). The Aerospace Corporation, the University of Michigan,
NASA's Langley Research Center with the Utah State University's
Space Dynamics Laboratory, and the National Center for Atmospheric
Research will provide instruments for the TIMED mission.
TIMED is scheduled for launch in January 2000 aboard a Med-Lite
Class launch vehicle. TIMED will begin its 36-month C/D development
period in April 1997. The budgetary estimates below are the amounts
included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation
for this program. They do not include the amounts for the definition
phase studies carried out from April 1996 to April 1997.
| Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | -- | -- | 18.2 | 48.2 | 47.3 | 15.6 | -- | -- | -- | 129.3 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 9.2 | 12.8 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 38.2 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | -- | -- | -- | 8.7 | 11.5 | 6.1 | -- | -- | -- | 26.3 |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | -- | -- | 18.2 | 56.9 | 58.8 | 30.9 | 12.8 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 193.8 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | -- | (7) | (14) | (19) | (19) | (18) | (8) | (8) | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | -- | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | -- | -- |
The development of the two Global Geospace Science (GGS) missions
was approved by Congress in the budget for 1989. The
Wind and Polar spacecraft are parts of a coordinated international
science program to improve our understanding of the complex interactions
between the sun and the Earth. Nineteen instruments aboard the
two spacecraft will make measurements of the interaction between
the solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field. The Wind spacecraft
was launched successfully on a Delta II launch vehicle in November
1994. The Polar spacecraft was launched successfully in February
1996, also on a Delta II. The budgetary estimates provide for
the experiment and spacecraft development, a 2.5-year period of
mission operations, the launch services, and unique tracking
and data acquisition support required during the mission.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included
in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by
international participants, or for the use of non-program-unique
government facilities and general and administrative support used
to carry out the research and development activities. A more detailed
exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is
provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the
program within the Space Science section.
| Global Geospace Science Missions | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 452.7 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 452.7 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | 17.2 | 26.5 | 25.5 | 15.7 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 84.9 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | 116.6 | 3.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 119.6 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | 26.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 27.0 |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 612.6 | 30.1 | 25.6 | 15.8 | 0.1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 684.2 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (684) | (22) | (5) | (10) | (10) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 38.7 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
The Collaborative Solar Terrestrial Research (COSTR) program is
another key U.S. contribution to the international solar terrestrial
research program. Beginning in FY 1987, funding provided for this
program has enabled NASA to provide instruments and launch support
for international spacecraft. In return, the U.S. obtains access
to the science data collected by the five European Space Agency
spacecraft and one Japanese spacecraft. The initial launch was
carried out in July 1992 with the launch of the Japanese Geotail
spacecraft on a U.S.-funded Delta II. The December 1995 launch
of the ESA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) was on a
U.S.-funded Atlas IIAS. Mission operations and data analysis provides
for spacecraft operations, the operations support to the U.S.
furnished instruments and the analysis of the scientific data
gathered by them.
The four Cluster spacecraft were launched in May 1996, on an Ariane
V; however the launch failed and the payload was lost. Options
for recovery of the Cluster mission science are under review by
NASA and ESA.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included
in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by
international participants, and the use of non-program-unique
government facilities and general and administrative support used
to carry out the research and development activities. A more detailed
exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is
provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the
program within the Space Science section.
| Collaborative Solar Terrestrial Research Program | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 331.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 331.0 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | 28.9 | 31.9 | 28.4 | 8.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 97.7 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | 176.1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 176.1 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | 38.8 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 40.2 |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 574.8 | 33.1 | 28.5 | 8.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 645.0 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (446) | (25) | (26) | (24) | (14) | (12) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 25.2 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
The Explorer program consists of small to mid-sized spacecraft
conducting investigations in all space physics and astrophysics
disciplines. The program provides for frequent, relatively low-cost
missions to be undertaken as funding availability permits within
an essentially level overall funding profile for the program.
The funding profile provided below covers the design and development
phase, launch services, mission-unique tracking and data acquisition
support, mission operations and data analysis. It does not include
costs for the use of government facilities and general and administrative
support required to implement the program. A more detailed exposition
of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in
the specific budget justification narrative for the program within
the Space Science section.
| The Explorer Program | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| X-Ray Timing Explorer | 253.1 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 7.3 | 4.8 | 3.3 | -- | -- | -- | 290.3 |
| Advanced Composition Explorer | 110.2 | 33.7 | 35.9 | 12.6 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | -- | 215.2 |
| Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer | .5 | 70.8 | 22.6 | 42.1 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 7.0 | -- | 171.4 |
| Medium Explorers | -- | 13.7 | 45.2 | 62.4 | 87.8 | 103.3 | 101.8 | 118.5 | CONT | -- |
| Small Explorers | -- | 50.8 | 59.7 | 56.8 | 65.7 | 74.5 | 85.5 | 86.8 | CONT | -- |
| University Explorers | -- | 12.3 | 7.1 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 8.3 | 6.5 | 10.6 | CONT | -- |
| Planning & Future Developments | -- | 6.7 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 8.3 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 5.6 | CONT | -- |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | -- | 199.6 | 186.4 | 200.5 | 195.5 | 211.8 | 211.8 | 232.4 | CONT | -- |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (1,248) | (100) | (97) | (85) | (79) | (78) | (78) | (78) | (Cont.) | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 71.8 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.8 | Cont. | -- |
Development on the X-Ray Timing Explorer (XTE) began in FY 1990.
The spacecraft was an in-house build at the Goddard Space Flight
Center; instruments were developed by the principal investigators.
The XTE was launched successfully in December 1995 on a Delta
II launch vehicle.
| X-Ray Timing Explorer | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 194.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 194.2 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | 1.0 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 7.0 | 4.8 | 3.3 | -- | -- | -- | 36.0 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | 45.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 45.5 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | 12.4 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 14.6 |
| TOTAL | 253.1 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 7.3 | 4.8 | 3.3 | -- | -- | -- | 290.3 |
Development on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) began in
FY 1994. The spacecraft is being built by the Johns Hopkins Applied
Physics Lab; instruments are being managed by the California Institute
of Technology. ACE is scheduled for launch between August 1997
and December 1997 on a Delta II launch vehicle.
| Advanced Composition Explorer | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 77.3 | 18.5 | 18.7 | 5.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 120.0 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | 1.6 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 3.6 | 3.8 | -- | 29.9 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | 28.6 | 10.9 | 12.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 51.5 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.6 | .8 | .3 | .3 | .1 | .1 | -- | 13.8 |
| TOTAl | 110.2 | 33.7 | 35.9 | 12.6 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | -- | 215.2 |
Development on the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FUSE)
began in FY 1996. The FUSE mission has been restructured from
a Delta-class explorer in order to reduce costs and accelerate
the launch date from CY 2000 to November 1998. FUSE is being managed
by Johns Hopkins University, with contributions from the University
of Colorado, the University of California-Berkeley, Orbital Sciences
Corp., Canada and France.
| Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | -- | 56.6 | 22.0 | 26.8 | 2.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 108.0 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | -- | -- | 7.0 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 7.0 | -- | 32.8 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | .5 | 14.2 | .6 | 15.3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 30.6 |
| TOTAL | .5 | 70.8 | 22.6 | 42.1 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 7.0 | -- | 171.4 |
The initial development funding for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) was requested in the
FY 1996 budget. This new airborne observatory will provide a significant
increase in scientific capabilities over the Kuiper Airborne Observatory,
which was retired in October, 1995. The Kuiper was a Lockheed
C-141A aircraft with a 0.9-meter reflecting telescope, used to
conduct scientific investigations at infrared and submillimeter
wavelengths. The SOFIA will be accommodated in a Boeing 747 and
will feature a 2.5-meter infrared telescope to be provided by
the German Space Agency (DARA). The initial operational date for
SOFIA will be at the end of 2000. The FY 1998 budget proposes
multi-year appropriations for development of SOFIA. This will
ensure the stability to manage and execute this program within
its budget and schedule commitments.
The budget estimates provided below are the amounts included in
the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the costs of preliminary design studies
carried out in previous years, the amounts being contributed by
the international participants, or costs for the use of government
facilities and general and administrative support used to carry
out the research and development activities. A more detailed exposition
of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in
the specific budget justification narrative for the Suborbital
program within the Space Science section.
| Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | -- | 30.0 | 21.3 | 45.8 | 56.5 | 48.8 | 32.4 | -- | -- | 234.8 |
| MISSION OPERATIONS | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 36.6 | CONT. | CONT. |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS | -- | 30.0 | 21.3 | 45.8 | 56.5 | 48.8 | 32.4 | 36.6 | -- | -- |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (6) | (13) | (15) | (15) | (15) | (15) | (15) | (10) | -- | -- |
| -CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | -- | -- |
The Cassini mission will provide intensive, long term observations
of Saturn's atmosphere, rings, magnetosphere and moons. The Huygens
Probe will conduct direct physical and chemical analyses of the
atmosphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. Cassini was approved as a
new start by Congress in the FY 1990 budget. At the time it was
initiated, a second spacecraft, the Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid
Flyby (CRAF) was included. Congressionally-imposed reductions
to FY 1992-93 funding requirements led to the termination of the
CRAF mission and the deferral of the Cassini launch from April
1996 to October 1997. The Cassini program later underwent a significant
redesign in early 1992 to reduce total program cost, mass and
power requirements, while maintaining the October 1997 launch
aboard a Titan IV launch vehicle. The spacecraft will arrive at
Saturn in 2004 and begin a four year study of the Saturnian system.
The program involves significant cooperation from international
partners as well as U.S. government partners. The European Space
Agency is providing the Huygens Probe and the Italian Space Agency
is contributing the High Gain/Low Gain antenna for the spacecraft.
There are twelve science instruments on the orbiter and six on
the probe from international Principal Investigators. The Titan
IV launch vehicle is being procured from the Department of Defense,
and the Radioisotope Heater Units (RHUs) and Radioisotope Thermoelectric
Generators (RTGs) are being procured by NASA from the Department
of Energy.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included
in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by
the international participants, or for the use of government facilities
and general and administrative support required to implement the
program. A more detailed description of the program goals, objectives
and activities is provided in the specific budget justification
narrative for the program within the Space Science section.
| CASSINI | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 1,109.8 | 191.5 | 89.6 | 9.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1,399.9 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | -- | 38.1 | 55.8 | 55.0 | 56.6 | 63.8 | 466.7 | 736.0 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | 206.1 | 88.2 | 95.2 | 39.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 429.1 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | 19.6 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 4.7 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 5.0 | -- | 53.6 |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 1,335.5 | 281.5 | 187.8 | 91.4 | 64.6 | 61.2 | 61.1 | 68.8 | 466.7 | 2,618.6 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (389) | (84) | (24) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | -- | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 23.7 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -- | -- |
Discovery missions are planetary exploration missions designed
with focused science objectives that can be met with limited resources.
Total development costs are not to exceed $150 million in constant
FY 1992 dollars, and development schedules are limited to three
years or less. Two Discovery missions have been launched: NEAR
in February 1996 and Mars Pathfinder in December 1996. In addition,
there are two approved Discovery missions in development: the
Lunar Prospector and Stardust. Future missions will be undertaken
after selection through a peer review process.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included
in the specific budget justification for this program within the
Space Science section in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology
appropriation. Under the specific mission descriptions, see below,
other direct program cost elements are included: the development
of the spacecraft and experiments, one year of mission operations,
the launch services, and unique tracking and data acquisition
services. They do not include costs for the use of government
facilities and general and administrative support required to
implement the program. A more detailed description of the program
goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget
justification narrative for the program.
| Discovery Missions | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| NEAR | 156.7 | 16.9 | 1.6 | 9.7 | 15.0 | 8.8 | .2 | .3 | -- | 209.2 |
| MARS PATHFINDER | 188.8 | 55.8 | 15.0 | 6.0 | .1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 265.7 |
| LUNAR PROSPECTOR | -- | 36.4 | 20.6 | 4.3 | 2.2 | .0 | .0 | .0 | .0 | 63.5 |
| STARDUST | -- | 27.7 | 62.7 | 56.2 | 23.9 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 25.6 | 206.1 |
| FUTURE MISSIONS DEVELOPMENT | -- | .7 | 4.8 | 64.2 | 120.7 | 127.5 | 132.6 | 137.6 | CONT | -- |
| FUTURE MISSIONS MO&DA | -- | -- | -- | -- | 3.2 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 11.4 | CONT | -- |
| FUTURE MISSIONS ELVs | -- | -- | -- | 6.0 | 19.6 | 36.5 | 43.5 | 67.2 | CONT | -- |
| TOTAL | -- | 137.5 | 104.7 | 146.4 | 184.7 | 185.6 | 190.6 | 219.8 | CONT | -- |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (31) | (2) | (7) | (7) | (7) | (7) | (7) | (7) | (Cont.) | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | Cont. | -- |
The Mars Pathfinder was approved as a new start in FY 1994 as
one of the initial missions in the Discovery Program. The Mars
Pathfinder mission will demonstrate a unique cruise, entry, descent,
and landing system approach that will be available for future
missions to Mars. Mars Pathfinder was launched in December 1996
on a Delta II expendable launch vehicle. The mission is being
conducted as an in-house effort at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Portions of the science instruments were provided by Germany and
Denmark.
| Mars Pathfinder | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 140.5 | 33.7 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 174.2 |
| MICROROVER | 17.2 | 5.8 | 2.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 25.0 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | 9.6 | 5.8 | 0.1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 15.5 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | 31.0 | 16.1 | 3.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 50.3 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.7 |
| TOTAL | 188.8 | 55.8 | 15 | 6.0 | 2.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 265.7 |
The NEAR was approved as a new start in FY 1994 as one of the
initial Discovery Program missions. The NEAR mission was conducted
as an in-house effort at the Applied Physics Laboratory, with
many subcontracted subsystems. The NEAR spacecraft will conduct
a comprehensive study of the near-Earth asteroid 433 EROS, including
its physical and geological properties and its chemical and mineralogical
composition. The NEAR spacecraft was launched February 17,1996
on a Delta II launch vehicle.
| Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 116.6 | 8.3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 124.9 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | 4.9 | 1.4 | 9.5 | 14.8 | 8.6 | -- | -- | -- | 39.2 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | 40.0 | 3.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 43.5 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -- | 1.6 |
| TOTAL | 156.7 | 16.9 | 1.6 | 9.7 | 15.0 | 8.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -- | 209.2 |
Lunar Prospector was selected as the third Discovery mission in
FY 1995, and Phase C/D development started in the first quarter
of FY 1996. The mission is designed to search for resources on
the Moon, with special emphasis on the search for water in the
shaded polar regions. Ames Research Center is managing the mission,
and Lockheed Martin will provide the spacecraft, instruments,
launch and operations. Launch will be on a Lockheed Launch Vehicle-II
(LLV-II) and is planned for September 1997. Launch costs are included
in the development cost. Tracking and communications support will
be provided by the Deep Space Network.
| Lunar Prospector | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | -- | 36.4 | 19.8 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 56.2 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | .8 | 4.3 | 2.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 7.3 |
| TOTAL | -- | 36.4 | 20.6 | 4.3 | 2.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 63.5 |
The Stardust mission was selected as the fourth Discovery mission
in November 1995, with mission management from the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory. The mission team has completed the Phase B analysis,
and Stardust was approved for implementation in October, 1996.
The mission is designed to gather samples of dust from the comet
Wild-2 and return the samples to Earth for detailed analysis.
The mission will also gather and return samples of interstellar
dust that the spacecraft encounters during its trip through the
Solar System to fly by the comet. Stardust will use a new material
called aerogel to capture the dust samples. In addition to the
aerogel collectors, the spacecraft will carry three additional
scientific instruments. An optical camera will return images of
the comet; the Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyzer (CIDA)
is provided by Germany to perform basic compositional analysis
of the samples while in flight; and a dust flux monitor will be
used to sense particle impacts on the spacecraft. Stardust will
be launched on the Med-Lite expendable launch vehicle in February
1999 with return of the samples to Earth in January 2006.
| Stardust | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL | |
| PHASE A/B | -- | 9.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 9.6 | |
| DEVELOPMENT | -- | 13.5 | 52.2 | 42.3 | 9.8 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 117.8 | |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 25.6 | 37.2 | |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | -- | 4.6 | 10.5 | 13.9 | 12.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 41.5 | |
| TOTAL | -- | 27.7 | 62.7 | 56.2 | 23.9 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 25.6 | 206.1 | |
The Mars Surveyor program is a series of small missions designed
to resume the detailed exploration of Mars. The first mission
in this program, the Mars Global Surveyor mission, was approved
as a new start in FY 1994. The follow-on Mars Surveyor 98 Orbiter
and Lander were approved in FY 1995. Future small missions are
targeted for launch in the launch windows that occur approximately
every two years.
The budgetary estimates below are the amounts indicated in the
budget justification within the Space Science section in the Science,
Aeronautics and Technology appropriation. The specific write-ups
for the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars 98 Orbiter/Lander missions
include the amounts for the development of the spacecraft and
instruments, two years of mission operations, and launch services.
They do not include costs for the use of government facilities
and general and administrative support used to carry out the program.
A more detailed description of the program goals, objectives and
activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative.
| Mars Surveyor Program | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR | 94.8 | 82.9 | 23.1 | 19.9 | 10.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 231.3 |
| 98 MARS ORBITER/LANDER | -- | 59.8 | 116.7 | 79.3 | 30.9 | 21.7 | 22.2 | 22.7 | -- | 353.3 |
| FUTURE MISSIONS | -- | 1.4 | 3.1 | 103.3 | 151.6 | 212.1 | 215.4 | 214.7 | Cont. | 901.6 |
| TOTAL EXCLUDING CIVIL SERVICE COSTS ($M) | 94.8 | 145.1 | 142.9 | 202.5 | 193.1 | 233.8 | 237.6 | 237.4 | -- | 1487.2 |
| (ESTIMATED CIVIL SERVICE FTEs) | (37) | (6) | (8) | (7) | (7) | (7) | (7) | (7) | (Cont.) | -- |
| CIVIL SERVICE COMPENSATION ESTIMATE ($M) | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | Cont. | -- |
This mission will obtain a majority of the expected science return
from the lost Mars Observer mission by flying a science payload
comprised of spare Mars Observer instruments aboard a small, industry-developed
spacecraft. Launch occurred in November 1996 on a Delta II launch
vehicle. The funding estimates provided below do not include the
previous expenditures on spare Mars Observer instruments or the
amount recovered from the prime contractor after the Mars Observer
failure.
| Mars Global Surveyor | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | 72.6 | 58.1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 130.7 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | 16.4 | 19.6 | 10.4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 46.4 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | 21.8 | 24.4 | 6.4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 52.6 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.6 |
| TOTAL | 94.8 | 82.9 | 23.1 | 19.9 | 10.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 231.3 |
The 98 Mars Orbiter and Lander are the first follow-on missions
in the Mars Surveyor program. The Orbiter will be launched on
a Med-Lite launcher in December 1998, and the Lander will be launched
on a Med-Lite in January 1999. Lockheed Martin Aerospace, Denver,
was selected competitively to develop these spacecraft. The Orbiter
will carry a color imager and a Pressure Modulater Infrared Radiometer
(PMIRR), which was also a Mars Observer payload. The Lander will
carry a descent imager, a comprehensive volatiles and climate
payload, and a Russian LIDAR atmospheric instrument.
| 98 Mars Orbiter/Lander | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Balance | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | -- | 52.4 | 86.9 | 40.5 | 13.3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 193.1 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | -- | -- | 10.3 | 21.3 | 21.9 | 22.7 | -- | 76.2 |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | -- | 7.4 | 29.8 | 38.8 | 7.1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 83.1 |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | -- | -- | 0.9 |
| TOTAL | -- | 59.8 | 116.7 | 79.3 | 30.9 | 21.7 | 22.2 | 22.7 | -- | 353.3 |
The Mars Surveyor landers planned in future years -- 2001, 2003
and beyond -- will capitalize on the experience of the Mars Pathfinder
lander mission launched in November 1996. The small orbiter to
be launched in 2003 will draw on the experience of Mars Global
Surveyor and carry other scientific instruments into orbit to
complete Mars Global Surveyor's science missions. A Mars sample
return mission is being considered for the FY 2005 opportunity.
| Future Surveyor Missions | PRIOR | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | BTC | TOTAL |
| DEVELOPMENT | -- | 1.4 | 3.1 | 99.2 | 122.7 | 167.7 | 170.3 | 173.9 | -- | 738.3 |
| MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| LAUNCH SUPPORT | -- | -- | -- | 4.1 | 28.9 | 44.4 | 45.1 | 40.8 | CONT | -- |
| TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | TBD | TBD |
| TOTAL | -- | 1.4 | 3.1 | 103.3 | 151.6 | 212.1 | 215.4 | 214.7 | -- | -- |
The New Millennium program is an advanced development effort started in FY 1996 to demonstrate how complex scientific spacecraft--such as those required for planetary missions--can be built for lower missio