NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
FISCAL YEAR 1996 ESTIMATES
ANALYSIS OF NASA/RUSSIAN COOPERATIVE MIR PROGRAM
FY 1994 FY 1995 FY 1996
(Thousands of dollars)
HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT
US-Russian cooperative program* 170,800 150,100 129,200
(Russian support) (100,000) (100,000) (100,000)
(Mir) (70,800) (50,100) (29,200)
Space station (Flight technology demonstrations)* -- 30,000 10,400
SCIENCE, AERONAUTICS AND TECHNOLOGY
Russian cooperation* 52,900 61,600 63,100
(Life sciences) (31,500) (16,600) (20,800)
(Microgravity) (10,200) (11,300) (9,300)
(Spacelab mission management) (11,200) (27,700) (23,000)
(Space access and technology) (--) (6,000) (10,000)
Total 223,700 241,700 202,700
* Russian cooperation program elements are also included under the special analysis of the Agency's Space Station-related
support.
The cooperative U.S.-Russian Mir program consists of seven (with a capability of ten) flights of the Space Shuttle to the Mir Space
Station with the objective of conducting a joint experiment program for microgravity and life sciences and a technology
demonstration program to mitigate risk involved in the development of the international Space Station, as well as extending the
useful life of the Mir station through 1997. The initial flight of this joint program is scheduled for mid-1995. A minimum of five
flights will carry pressurized experiments and other hardware to the Mir -- the first in a Spacelab module, with four others via a
pressurized Spacehab carrier. During this period, Russia will enhance the Mir capabilities by adding two experiment/logistics
modules to the core Mir station (Spektr and Priroda), which will also carry U.S. hardware. Other flights will supply logistics and Mir
life-extension hardware, and conduct flight technology demonstrations.
The Russian support funding provides for hardware and services provided by Russia on a firm, fixed-price contractual basis which
will benefit the joint Mir activities (Phase 1) as well as future Space Station-related design, technologies and other services
(Phase 2/3).
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
FISCAL YEAR 1996 ESTIMATES
ANALYSIS OF AGENCY SUPPORT FOR SPACE STATION
FY 1994 FY 1995 FY 1996
(Thousands of dollars)
HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT
Space station 1,939,200 1,889,600 1,833,600
Russian cooperation 70,800 50,100 29,200
SCIENCE, AERONAUTICS & TECHNOLOGY
Life and microgravity sciences and applications
Russian cooperation 52,900 55,600 53,100
(Life sciences) (31,500) (16,600) (20,800)
(Microgravity) (10,200) (11,300) (9,300)
(Spacelab mission management) (11,200) (27,700) (23,000)
Space station facility payloads 37,000 90,500 137,300
Space station utilization
(Life sciences) 500 4,200
(Microgravity) 6,100 11,800 16,200
Mission to planet earth space station attached
payload -- -- 4,100
Space Access and Technology Space Station
Utilization -- 15,000 37,100
Total 2,106,000 2,113,100 2,114,800
Space station-related activities are funded in the Human Space Flight (HSF) appropriation and in the Science, Aeronautics &
Technology (SAT) appropriation. Activities funded in the HSF appropriation include the development and operation of the Space
Station, and the flight support component of the Russian cooperation program of joint flights to the Mir Space Station. Both
programs are managed by the Office of Space Flight. Space Station-related funding in the SAT appropriation provides for the
development, operation and science research associated with the scientific, technology and commercial payloads being built for
utilization of the Space Station or in conjunction with the joint Mir program. The majority of these activities are managed by the
Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications for these discipline-specific experiments. An externally-attached Space
Station payload is being developed by the Mission to Planet Earth program. The Space Access and Technology program is providing
technology and commercial payloads for both external and pressurized Space Station deployment.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Major NASA Development Programs
Program Cost Estimates
This special section of the FY 1996 budget justifications provides information about major NASA programs that are either in the
design and development phase or have not completed their initial operational phase. In several instances, information about
programs which are not "major" but are of special interest has been included. The budgetary estimates are expressed in millions of
dollars of budget authority.* Estimates of the FY 1994 and prior fiscal year budget authority are the "actual" amounts. The
FY 1995 amounts are consistent with the NASA Operating Plan as of January 1995. The amounts for FY 1996 and future fiscal
years are expressed in "real year" economics, that is, they include an adjusting factor for the future inflation expected to be
experienced. If the term "constant dollars" is used in the budget justifications, that phraseology indicates that the numbers do not
include inflationary adjustments beyond the fiscal year referenced (e.g., "constant FY 1994 dollars").
The estimates provided below are intended to be comprehensive, including all related mission-unique costs, but there are
limitations. The direct and indirect costs incurred by foreign governments or other federal agencies in support of these missions
have not been included. (The reader is referred to the NASA Program Status Reports, a biannual document published by NASA, for
the most accurate information available to NASA on the amounts incurred or to be incurred.) The estimates of civil service
workyears for these missions are not available at this time, but will be provided to the Congress as soon as practicable, following the
completion of the civil service workforce review now being conducted by NASA. This review was undertaken in response to the
direction from the Administration and Congress to cut the government's total civil service population by 272,900 by 1999. The
NASA workforce review will study how the reductions in the NASA workforce should be made to meet our 1999 target.
*Budget authority is a term used to represent the amounts appropriated by the Congress in a given fiscal year; budget authority
provides government agencies with the authority to obligate funds. The ensuing obligations, cost incurrence, and expenditures
(outlays) can differ in timing from the fiscal year in which Congress provides the budget authority in an appropriations act.
High Speed Research Program
The High Speed Research Program is a cooperative government-industry program to develop the technologies required by U.S. firms
to design and build an environmentally compatible and economically competitive high-speed civil transport aircraft for the post-
2000 period. The program consists of two phases. Phase I was initiated in FY 1990. Research was initiated at that time into
environmental issues, such as atmospheric effects (e.g., ozone depletion), take-off and landing noise levels, and sonic booms for
overland flight. Potential technology solutions have also been investigated. Phase II began in FY 1994, following a presentation of
the encouraging preliminary results from Phase I activities. This phase involves both government funding and industry
contributions of facilities, personnel, and supporting R&D. Development and validation of specific airframe and engine designs,
design tools, and technologies for manufacturing processes are underway. This phase will conclude in 2001. It should be noted
that the government funding does not provide for the development of a prototype aircraft.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the specific budget justification within the Aeronautics section
in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by
industry, NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses (S&E), and the use of government facilities and general support used to
carry out the research. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget
justification narrative.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
HIGH SPEED RESEARCH 261.9 197.2 221.3 245.5 276.7 286.2 211.6 127.3 58.8 1,886.5
Advanced Subsonic Technology
The Advanced Subsonic Technology program is a cooperative government-industry program to develop technologies in areas where
such developments will facilitate the economic and technological competitiveness of U.S. subsonic aircraft producers. These
developments include not only airframe, engine, and avionics technology improvements, but also short-haul aircraft, environmental
studies, efficiency and safety improvements, advanced air traffic technology, and aircraft design and manufacturing tools. This
systems technology program was preceded by activities funded within the research and technology base for many years; the decision
to create a focused program was made in the FY 1991 budget. The specific objectives set forth for this program are intended to be
completed by FY 2002.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the specific budget justification within the Aeronautics section
in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this program. As such, they do not include the amounts being
contributed by industry, NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses (S&E), and the use of government facilities and general
and administrative support used to carry out the research. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities
is provided in the specific budget justification narrative.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
ADVANCED SUBSONIC TECHNOLOGY 17.4 89.3 125.8 188.4 216.9 257.3 244.0 182.2 142.0 1,463.3
International Space Station
In FY 1983, NASA received approval to enter into a preliminary definition phase of a space station. A cost target was established at
that time by President Reagan; this target provided guidance to the team undertaking the definition of what capabilities a space
station could have for this amount of money. Due to the uncertainty of future inflation, the target was expressed in constant 1984
dollars. The target value of $8 billion was intended to cover the costs which would be incurred to perform the preliminary definition
and the development of space station hardware and ground systems. The President also directed NASA to solicit the involvement of
international parties in the space station.
After three years studying numerous design concepts, a final reference design was established by NASA and our international
partners--Japan, Canada, and the member nations of the European Space Agency. Prior to requesting from the Administration and
Congress the authority to proceed into the development phase, NASA undertook a comprehensive cost estimate. The resultant
estimate of $14.5 billion (expressed in 1984 dollars for comparison purposes) was presented to the Administration in early 1987.
After consideration, the Administration directed a National Research Council (NRC) review of the reference design and the cost
estimate. The NRC reported back that the space station could be built in two phases, with the second phase adding the dual keel
configuration, the co-orbiting platform, servicing capabilities, and additional solar dynamic power modules. The NRC included in its
estimate of $21.0-25.0 billion (1984 dollars), a number of additional cost elements : operations, marginal Shuttle flight costs, a crew
rescue vehicle, civil service salaries and expenses, facilities, and provision for additional testing and backup hardware. These
estimates were furnished to the Congress in mid-1987 for their review prior to action on NASA's FY 1988 appropriation.
Over each ensuing year, Congress approved continuation of the Space Station Freedom program, but reduced each year's
appropriations request. On several occasions, Congress directed NASA to redesign the Station to conform not only to the reduced
appropriations request in that year but also to reduced projections of future funding availability for NASA's overall budget. In early
1993, President Clinton directed NASA to undertake a 90 day study of lower cost redesign options for the Space Station, and
appointed an Advisory Committee on the Redesign of the Space Station. In June 1993, upon receiving the final reports and the
Advisory Committee's recommendations, President Clinton selected an option (A) from the three options presented and directed
NASA to execute the Space Station program for no greater than $2.1 billion per year. This figure encompassed not only the
development and operational costs of the Space Station itself but also the costs for a program of precursor scientific research, the
expenses for integrating the Space Shuttle and the Space Station and the development of experimental facilities and capabilities for
the Space Station. The cap excluded the costs of civil service salaries and expenses, Space Shuttle operational flight costs, and
performance improvements to the Shuttle.
In the Fall of 1993, President Clinton invited the Russian Government to become a participant in the program. The Russians offered
access to their Mir space station in the interim period between 1995 and the beginning of the international Space Station's
assembly. The Congress and Administration agreed in late 1993 that the $100 million amount to be paid annually to the Russian
Space Agency for hardware and services over the FY 1994-97 period was outside the $2.1 billion annual cap. Since late 1993, the
U.S. and the newly expanded set of international partners have proceeded with the final design and hardware development for an
international Space Station with significantly greater capabilities for research than those which would have been provided on Space
Station Freedom or the option selected in the redesign process.
The budgetary estimates provided below include the amounts for this program in both the Human Space Flight and the Science,
Aeronautics and Technology appropriations . The totals provide the current estimate for the costs to be incurred through the date
when the completion of assembly milestone in June 2002 is accomplished. They do not include the amounts being contributed by
the international partners, the NASA civil service workforce salaries and expenses (S&E), the $400 million contract with the Russian
Space Agency, the costs of the non-program unique NASA facilities, Shuttle performance improvements and flight operations costs,
and the general and administrative support used to execute the program. The present cost estimate for the average costs of the 19
Space Shuttle flights for assembly of the U.S. elements is $9.8 billion. An additional 6 Shuttle flights will be made for science and
technology utilization purposes before June 2002; at average costs, these utilization flights are estimated at $3.1 billion. A more
detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the
program within the budget justifications for the Space Station; Russian cooperation; Payload Utilization and Operations; Life and
Microgravity Sciences and Applications; Space Access and Technology; and, Mission to Planet Earth.
International Space Station
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
PROGRAM ELEMENTS WITHIN $2.1 2,106.0 2,113.1 2,114.8 2,120.9 2,098.1 2,106.8 1,950.2 2,750.0 17,359.9
BILLION ANNUAL FUNDING CAP
HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT 10,234.1 2,010.0 1,939.7 1,862.8 1,796.2 1,743.3 1,719.0 1,531.6 2,312.5 25,149.2
SPACE STATION 10,113.1 1,939.2 1,889.6 1,833.6 1,782.0 1,742.0 1,719.0 1,531.6 2,312.5 24,862.6
DEVELOPMENT 9,190.1 1,918.2 1,752.4 1,612.8 1,409.2 1,184.3 837.7 566.8 326.2 18,797.7
UTILIZATION SUPPORT [75.2] 21.0 28.3 67.9 86.9 95.1 106.3 111.9 204.2 721.6
OPERATIONS 108.9 152.9 285.9 462.6 775.0 852.9 1,782.1 4,420.3
OTHER 923.0 923.0
U.S./RUSSIAN COOPERATIVE PROGRAM 121.0 70.8 50.1 29.2 14.2 1.3 286.6
SCIENCE, AERONAUTICS & TECHNOLOGY 96.0 173.4 252.0 324.7 354.8 387.8 418.6 437.5 2,444.8
LIFE & MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES 96.0 158.4 210.8 262.2 298.4 331.9 360.7 387.5 2,105.9
SPACE STATION FACILITIES 37.0 90.5 137.3 184.2 210.4 226.2 228.7 262.5 1,376.8
LIFE SCIENCES 31.5 17.1 25.0 28.9 43.8 52.7 76.0 72.0 347.0
MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH 16.3 23.1 25.5 37.4 43.1 53.0 56.0 53.0 307.4
STS/SPACELAB MISSION MANAGEMENT 11.2 27.7 23.0 11.7 1.1 74.7
SPACE ACCESS AND TECHNOLOGY 15.0 37.1 52.6 51.3 52.8 53.7 50.0 312.5
MISSION TO PLANET EARTH (SAGE III) 4.1 9.9 5.1 3.1 4.2 26.4
Alternate Turbopump Development
Funding to begin development of an alternate design for the two turbopumps driving the Space Shuttle's Main Engine was initiated
in FY 1987 The development of a new high-pressure oxygen turbopump and hydrogen fuel turbopump was undertaken to improve
the safety, reliability, producibility, and maintainability of the current turbopumps. After an initial period of design and
development, problems experienced in early development testing and accompanying increased costs resulted in suspension of the
fuel turbopump's development, while development activities concentrated on the oxygen turbopump. Although further development
problems were encountered with the oxygen turbopump, their successful resolution led to Congress agreeing in Spring 1994 to
resumption of the fuel turbopump's development. The first flight of the oxygen turbopump will occur in 1995, followed two years
later by the initial flight of the fuel pump. The budgetary estimates provided below include not only the funding required for the
design, development, and extensive testing of these two turbopumps, but also the funding needed to produce the flight turbopumps
for installation into the main engines for the four-orbiter fleet.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the Human Space Flight appropriation for this program. They
do not include the amounts for NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses (S&E), and the use of government facilities and
general and administrative support used to carry out the development. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives
and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the Space Shuttle program.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 437.6 54.1 57.6 68.2 42.1 18.7 11.6 10.0 699.9
IMPLEMENTATION 20.2 11.9 40.6 56.5 65.1 50.5 38.5 19.8 27.4 330.5
TOTAL 457.8 66.0 98.2 124.7 107.2 69.2 50.1 29.8 27.4 1,030.4
Super Lightweight Tank
The design and development of a lighter external tank for the Space Shuttle was undertaken in 1993 after tests of new aluminum-
lithium materials indicated that a significantly lighter external tank could be produced. The anticipated weight savings of
approximately 8000 pounds would recover some of the ascent performance losses resulting from safety and reliability improvements
instituted after the Challenger disaster. Coupled with other performance gains, the super lightweight tank will facilitate the Space
Shuttle's operations at new higher inclination orbit established in 1993 for the international Space Station. The first launch of a
Space Shuttle with the new tank is planned for the second half of 1997. In addition to the design and development costs, the
figures below as "recurring cost" provide the estimate of the funding required for the external tank program's production of the new
tanks. The estimates include the additional material cost which will be incurred in the production of subsequent tanks. The
aluminum-lithium material is a specialty metal produced to rigorous specifications and accordingly costs more than the aluminum
used at present.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the Human Space Flight appropriation for this program. They
do not include the amounts for NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses (S&E), and the use of government facilities and
general and administrative support used to carry out the development activities. A more detailed exposition of the program goals,
objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the Space Shuttle program.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT COST 50.8 39.6 32.7 30.4 11.7 1.6 .5 167.3
RECURRING COST 9.2 19.5 40.3 42.1 39.6 40.3 32.4 Continues
TOTAL 60.0 59.1 73.0 72.5 51.3 41.9 32.9 390.7
Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility
The design and development of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) was approved by Congress in the FY 1989 budget.
The AXAF is the third of the four "Great Observatories" intended to observe the universe in four electromagnetic spectrum regions:
visible, infrared, gamma ray, and x-ray. The initial phase of the AXAF's development was limited to a feasibility demonstration of the
new mirror technology required to achieve the AXAF's objectives. A specially designed x-ray calibration facility was constructed to
assure the mirrors meet their design specifications. The second phase was approved by Congress after the demonstration mirrors
were successfully tested. In 1992, NASA management directed the restructuring of the AXAF program to reduce projected future
funding requirements. A two-spacecraft approach was selected, a large imaging spacecraft (AXAF-Imaging) and a smaller
spectroscopy spacecraft (AXAF-Spectroscopy). In 1993, Congress directed the elimination of the AXAF-S. The launch of the AXAF-I
spacecraft is scheduled for September 1998 aboard the Space Shuttle, with an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) providing delivery into a
highly elliptical orbit around the Earth. The budgetary estimates provided below encompass: the early development of the mirror
technology; the design and development phase; establishment of a mission-unique science center and preflight ground system
development, followed by a five year period (1998-2002) of mission operations and science data analysis; the purchase of the IUS and
integration activities; the average cost (including recurring costs for improvements and upgrades) of an FY 1998 Space Shuttle flight;
mission-unique tracking and data support costs; and, the construction of the X-ray Calibration Facility.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the Human Space Flight for Space Shuttle flights and the
Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriations for the this program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by
international participants, NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses (S&E), and the use of non-program-unique government
facilities and general and administrative support used to carry out the research and development activities. A more detailed
exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the program
within the Space Science/Physics and Astronomy section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
ADVANCED TECH DEVELOPMENT 54.2 54.2
DEVELOPMENT 480.2 239.3 234.3 237.6 187.3 93.7 1,472.4
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 22.0 11.6 18.9 40.4 42.4 47.8 64.0 66.1 216.3 529.5
UPPER STAGE 8.2 6.9 15.2 18.3 19.1 9.6 77.3
FY 1998 SHUTTLE AVERAGE COST 476.5 476.5
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT .1 .2 .5 .4 .3 .2 .2 1.8 3.7
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 17.7 17.7
TOTAL 582.3 257.9 268.6 296.8 249.2 627.9 64.2 66.3 218.1 2,631.3
Relativity Mission/Gravity Probe-B
The development of the Gravity Probe-B mission began in 1993, after many years of studying mission design alternatives and
developing the advanced technologies required for this mission to verify Einstein's theory of general relativity. The scheduled launch
date is October 2000, using a Delta II launch vehicle. The development phase is currently underway, with award of the spacecraft
development contract being made in 1994. The estimates provided below assume continuation of funding through the completion of
the operational phase. It should be noted that the National Academy of Sciences has agreed to undertake a review of the scientific
merits of the program; this review was triggered by questions raised within the science community as to relative value of the
experimental approach given other developments in the field. The budgetary estimates below include funding for the experiment
development activities initiated in 1993, 18 months of mission operations, and the launch services.
The budgetary estimates below are the amounts included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts for the definition phase studies carried out from FY 1985-87, but they do provide the
amounts for the Shuttle Test of Relativity Experiment program initiated in FY 1988 and subsequently restructured into a ground
test program only. The estimates also exclude: NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses (S&E), and the non-program-
unique government facilities and general and administrative support used to carry out the research and development activities. A
more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for
the program within the Space Science/Physics and Astronomy section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
STORE 125.5 2.4 127.9
DEVELOPMENT 1.9 40.0 50.0 51.5 53.0 53.7 56.3 36.8 7.8 351.0
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 20.6 20.6
LAUNCH SUPPORT .6 14.2 24.4 16.8 6.0 62.0
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT N/A
TOTAL 127.4 42.4 50.0 51.5 53.6 67.9 80.7 53.6 34.4 561.5
Global Geospace Science Missions
The development of the two Global Geospace Science (GGS) missions was approved by Congress in the budget for 1989. The Wind
and Polar spacecraft are parts of a coordinated international science program to improve our understanding of the complex
interactions between the sun and the Earth. Nineteen instruments aboard the two spacecraft will make measurements of the
interaction between the solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field. The Wind spacecraft was successfully launched on a Delta II
launch vehicle in November 1994. Final spacecraft integration and test activities are underway on the Polar spacecraft, as it heads
for a launch in December 1995, also on a Delta II. The budgetary estimates provide for the experiment and spacecraft development,
a three-year period of mission operations, the launch services, and unique tracking and data acquisition support required during
the mission.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by international participants, NASA civil service workforce salary and
expenses (S&E), and the use of non-program-unique government facilities and general and administrative support used to carry out
the research and development activities. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the
specific budget justification narrative for the program within the Space Science/Physics and Astronomy section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 385.1 27.6 40.0 5.4 458.1
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 4.6 3.8 8.2 21.7 25.5 15.7 79.5
LAUNCH SUPPORT 110.2 2.7 9.2 3.0 125.1
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT 20.6 4.0 1.6 1.3 .1 27.6
TOTAL 520.5 38.1 59.0 31.4 25.6 15.7 690.3
Collaborative Solar Terrestrial Research Program
The Collaborative Solar Terrestrial Research (COSTR) program is another key U.S. contribution to the international solar terrestrial
research program. Beginning in FY 1987, funding provided for this program has enabled NASA to provide instruments and launch
support for international spacecraft. In return, the U.S. obtains access to the science data collected by the five European Space
Agency spacecraft and one Japanese spacecraft. The initial launch was carried out in July 1992 with the launch of the Japanese
Geotail spacecraft on a U.S.-funded Delta II. The October 1995 launch of the ESA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) will
be on a U.S.-funded Atlas IIAS. Mission operations and data analysis provides for the operations support to the U.S. furnished
instruments and the analysis of the scientific data gathered by them.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by international participants, NASA civil service workforce salary and
expenses (S&E), and the use of non-program-unique government facilities and general and administrative support used to carry out
the research and development activities. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the
specific budget justification narrative for the program within the Space Science/Physics and Astronomy section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 274.9 32.8 23.2 3.8 334.7
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 7.5 9.7 11.7 28.1 28.3 8.4 93.7
LAUNCH SUPPORT 102.4 43.0 31.0 176.4
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT 28.9 5.3 4.8 2.2 1.4 42.6
TOTAL 413.7 90.8 70.7 34.1 29.7 8.4 647.4
The Explorer Development Program
The Explorer development program consists of small to mid-sized spacecraft conducting investigations in all space physics and
astrophysics disciplines. The program provides for frequent, relatively low-cost missions to be undertaken as funding availability
permits within an essentially level overall funding profile for the program. The funding profile provided below covers the design and
development phase; other budget elements provide the related funding for launch services, mission-unique tracking and data
acquisition support, mission operations and data analysis, and civil service workforce salary and expenses. A more detailed
exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the program
within the Space Science/Physics and Astronomy section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
X-ray Timing Explorer 136.1 36.5 32.6 205.2
Advanced Composition Explorer 33.2 44.1 31.8 24.5 7.5 141.1
Small Explorers 117.9 39.4 33.1 37.9 40.2 43.9 44.9 46.1 continues
Planning & Future Developments 14.2 15.1 55.3 69.8 91.1 101.7 104.9 continues
X-ray Timing Explorer
Development on the X-ray Timing Explorer (XTE) began in FY 1990. The spacecraft is an in-house build at the Goddard Space
Flight Center; instruments are being developed by the principal investigators. The XTE is scheduled for launch in August 1995 on a
Delta II launch vehicle.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 136.1 36.5 32.6 205.2
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 1.0 11.0 10.6 6.0 5.6 34.2
LAUNCH SUPPORT 11.5 20.8 14.9 4.0 51.2
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT 3.8 4.3 4.7 1.8 .7 15.3
TOTAL 151.4 61.6 53.2 16.8 11.3 6.0 5.6 305.9
Advanced Composition Explorer
Development on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) began in FY 1994. The spacecraft is being built by the John Hopkins
Applied Physics Lab; instruments are being managed by the California Institute of Technology. The ACE is scheduled for launch in
August 1997 on a Delta II launch vehicle.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 33.2 44.1 31.8 24.5 7.5 141.1
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 1.0 8.3 8.6 8.6 26.5
LAUNCH SUPPORT .1 .8 11.5 24.0 19.1 55.5
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT .4 1.6 3.1 4.6 4.2 .8 .2 14.9
TOTAL .5 35.6 58.7 60.4 48.8 16.6 8.8 8.6 238.0
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
The initial development funding for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is being requested in the
FY 1996 budget. This new airborne observatory will provide a significant increase in scientific capabilities over the current Kuiper
Airborne Observatory, which it would replace. The Kuiper is a Lockheed C-141A aircraft with 0.9 meter reflecting telescope, used to
conduct scientific investigations at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. The SOFIA would be accommodated in a Boeing 747
and would feature a 2.5 meter infrared telescope to be provided by the German Space Agency (DARA). If the program is approved for
development, the initial operational date for SOFIA would be at the end of 2000. The budgetary estimates provided below do not
include the preliminary design studies carried out in previous years or the funding contribution of the German Space Agency.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by the international participants, NASA civil service workforce salary
and expenses, and the use of government facilities and general and administrative support used to carry out the research and
development activities. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget
justification narrative for the Suborbital program within the Space Science/Physics and Astronomy section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 48.7 27.8 65.6 68.2 29.1 239.4
MISSION OPERATIONS 30.3 CONT. CONT.
CASSINI
The Cassini mission will provide intensive, long term observations of Saturn's atmosphere, rings, magnetosphere and moons. The
Huygens Probe will conduct direct physical and chemical analyses of the atmosphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. Cassini was
approved as a new start by Congress in the FY 1990 budget. At the time it was initiated, a second spacecraft, the Comet
Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) was included. Congressionally-imposed reductions to FY 1992-93 funding requirements led
to the termination of the CRAF mission and the deferral of the Cassini launch from April 1996 to October 1997. The Cassini
program later underwent a significant redesign in early 1992 to reduce total program cost, mass and power requirements, while
maintaining the October 1997 launch aboard a Titan IV launch vehicle. After an extensive cruise phase, the spacecraft is scheduled
to arrive at Saturn in 2004 and will begin a four year study of the Saturnian system. The program involves significant cooperation
from international partners as well as U.S. government partners. The European Space Agency is providing the Huygens Probe and
the Italian Space Agency is contributing the High Gain/Low Gain antenna for the spacecraft. There are twelve science instruments
on the orbiter and six on the probe from international Principal Investigators. The Titan IV launch vehicle is being procured from
the Department of Defense, and the Radioisotope Heater Units (RHUs) and Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) are being
procured by NASA from the Department of Energy.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. They do not include the amounts being contributed by the international participants, NASA civil service workforce salary
and expenses, and the use of government facilities and general and administrative support required to implement the program A
more detailed description of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for
the program within the Space Science/Planetary Exploration section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 588.2 266.6 255.0 191.5 107.3 13.8 1,422.4
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 49.3 56.4 56.3 593.0 755.0
LAUNCH SUPPORT 33.0 86.4 78.1 98.9 115.3 40.0 451.7
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT 15.8 .6 3.2 3.6 4.2 4.5 9.0 13.2 54.1
TOTAL 637.0 353.6 336.3 294.0 226.8 107.6 65.4 69.5 593.0 2,683.2
Discovery Missions
Discovery missions are designed with focused science objectives that can be met with limited resources. Total development costs
are not to exceed $150 million in constant FY 1992 dollars, and development schedules are limited to three years or less.There are
two approved Discovery missions, the Mars Pathfinder and the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous. Future missions will be
undertaken after selection through a peer review process.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the specific budget justification for this program within the
Space Science/Planetary Exploration section in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation. Under the specific mission
descriptions, see below, other direct program cost elements are included: the development of the spacecraft and experiments, one
year of mission operations, the launch services, and unique tracking and data acquisition services. They do not include NASA civil
service workforce salary and expenses, and the use of government facilities and general and administrative support required to
implement the program. A more detailed description of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget
justification narrative for the program.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
MARS PATHFINDER 60.8 77.5 35.9 174.2
NEAR EARTH ASTEROID RENDEZVOUS 66.6 52.2 31.3 150.1
FUTURE MISSIONS 36.6 80.0 115.3 125.2 123.0 Continues
Mars Pathfinder
The Mars Pathfinder was approved as a new start in FY 1994 as one of the initial missions in the Discovery Program. The Mars
Pathfinder mission will demonstrate the cruise, entry, descent, and landing system approach that will be used in future missions to
place a network of small science landers on the Martian surface. Launch is scheduled for December 1996 on a Delta II expendable
launch vehicle. The Mars Pathfinder is being conducted as an in-house effort at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Portions of the
science instruments are being provided by Germany and Denmark.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 60.8 77.5 35.9 174.2
MICROROVER 2.8 5.9 8.5 5.8 2.0 25.0
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 9.7 5.9 2.0 17.6
LAUNCH SUPPORT .3 9.6 19.0 18.5 4.9 52.3
TOTAL 3.1 76.3 105.0 60.2 16.6 5.9 2.0 269.1
Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR)
The NEAR was approved as a new start in FY 1994 as one of the initial Discovery Program missions. The NEAR mission is being
conducted as an in-house effort at the Applied Physics Laboratory, with many subcontracted subsystems. The NEAR spacecraft will
conduct a comprehensive study of the near-Earth asteroid 433 EROS, including its physical and geological properties and its
chemical and mineralogical composition. Launch of the NEAR spacecraft is scheduled for February 1996 on a Delta II launch
vehicle.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 66.6 52.2 31.3 150.1
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 3.3 5.4 8.8 22.3 7.8 47.6
LAUNCH SUPPORT 24.6 15.9 11.2 51.7
TOTAL 91.2 68.1 45.8 5.4 8.8 22.3 7.8 249.4
Mars Surveyor Program
The Mars Surveyor program is a series of small missions designed to resume the detailed exploration of Mars. The first mission in
this program was approved as a new start in FY 1994, the Mars Global Surveyor mission. Future small missions are targeted for
launch in the launch windows that occur approximately every two years.
The budgetary estimates below are the amounts indicated in the budget justification within the Space Science/Planetary
Exploration section in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation. The specific write-up for the Mars Global Surveyor
includes the amounts for the development of the spacecraft and instruments, two years of mission operations, and launch services.
It does not include the NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses, the use of government facilities and general and
administrative support used to carry out the program. A more detailed description of the program goals, objectives and activities is
provided in the specific budget justification narrative.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR 14.6 58.0 58.2 9.4 140.2
FUTURE MISSIONS 1.4 50.3 80.1 98.6 104.2 107.3 Continues
Mars Global Surveyor
This mission will obtain a majority of the expected science return from the lost Mars Observer mission by flying a science payload
comprised of spare Mars Observer instruments aboard a small, industry-developed spacecraft. Launch is planned for November
1996 on a Delta II launch vehicle. The funding estimates provided below do not include the previous expenditures of spare Mars
Observer instruments or the amount recovered from the prime contractor after the Mars Observer untimely failure.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 14.6 58.0 58.2 9.4 140.2
MISSION OPS & DATA ANALYSIS 16.6 19.8 20.8 57.2
LAUNCH SUPPORT 21.8 20.1 10.4 52.3
TOTAL 14.6 79.8 78.3 36.4 19.8 20.8 249.7
New Millennium Spacecraft
In this FY 1996 budget request, NASA has recommended approval of a new program to demonstrate how complex scientific
spacecraft--such as those required for planetary missions--can be built for lower mission costs and to have short development
times, while still possessing considerable scientific merit. The New Millennium Spacecraft program will enable the introduction of
the latest technology advances into planetary spacecraft. The primary objectives of the program are to increase the performance
capabilities of spacecraft and instruments while simultaneously reducing total costs of future science missions, thereby allowing
more frequent flight opportunities even under the severe budget constraints of the future. In previous years, NASA and the
Department of Defense have funded technology developments which offer extraordinary promise. This precursor work on
technologies can now be demonstrated in a series of flight technology demonstration missions occurring at rate of one or more per
year, with initial flights planned for the 1997-1998 timeframe.
The budgetary estimate below represents funding included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation. The program
is designed as an ongoing program, and funding is included for development and launch of one mission per year, tentatively
beginning in the 1997-1998 timeframe. Launches are targeted for a small expendable launch vehicle. The budget estimate below
does not include the NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses, the government facilities and general and administrative
support used to carry out the research and development activities. A more detailed description of the program goals, objectives and
activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the program within the Planetary Exploration section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 10.5
DEVELOPMENT 30.0 30.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 Continues
LAUNCH SUPPORT 3.0 10.0 17.0 17.0 Continues
TOTAL 10.5 30.0 33.0 60.0 67.0 67.0
Earth Observing System
Before the Earth Observing System (EOS) was authorized in November 1990 in the FY 1991 budget as a new start, EOS planning
had been in progress for over eight years. The EOS is key to achieving the objectives set forth in the Mission to Planet Earth
program plan and the overall goal and scientific objectives of the interagency U.S. Global Change Research Program. EOS is an
international science program, drawing upon the contributions of ESA, Canada, and Japan both in terms of spacecraft and
instruments. This extraordinary collaboration is essential to reach the objective of providing long-term (15 years), comprehensive
measurements of the nature of global climate change.
At its outset, the EOS program was based on the flights of two series of large platforms, in addition to platforms from Japan and
ESA and instruments carried on Space Station Freedom. Although EOS was understood to be a program having a 15-year period of
flight operations, the initial estimates provided to Congress focused on the period through fiscal year 2000. The initial estimate of
$18-21 billion included development, mission operations, data analysis, launch services, communications, construction of facilities
and the amounts carried in the Space Station program for the polar platform's development. In the FY 1992 appropriations process,
Congress directed NASA to modify the scope and cost of the program. The cost through FY 2000 was to be reduced by $5 billion,
the FY 1993 funding level had to be reduced, and NASA was to examine the feasibility of using smaller platforms. In 1991, the
program was restructured to employ five smaller flight series. In 1992, in response to the constrained budget environment, NASA
further rescoped the program by implementing a common spacecraft approach for all flights after the first morning series (AM-1)
spacecraft, increasing reliance on the cooperative efforts of international and other government agencies, and adopting a build-to-
cost approach for the first unit of a multiple instrument build. The estimated NASA funding through FY 2000 was further reduced
to $8.0 billion in this effort.
In the FY 1995 budget process, the program's cost estimate was further adjusted downward by approximately $0.9 billion, of which
$0.3 billion reflected an accounting transfer for small business innovative research out of individual programs into a common NASA
account, and $0.1 billion reflected the change to lower-cost launch vehicles. The further reductions in program funding were
addressed in 1994 through a program rebaselining activity. A number of small spacecraft were introduced into the program's flight
plans. In addition, alterations were made in flight phasing and accommodations were provided for a follow-on instrument to the
enhanced thematic mapper being flown in 1998 on Landsat-7. Funding for the science investigations and data analysis was
separated from the algorithms being developed to convert the instrument data into information. This change recognized the close
relationship to similar science investigations and data analysis funded in the Mission to Planet Earth research and analysis
account. (The amounts transferred are provided in the EOS science line in the table below.) In addition, it was decided to
incorporate the development funding for the Landsat-7 into the EOS program in light of the integral ties between the two activities.
The budgetary estimate below are the amounts now included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation for this
program. The estimates also reflect the related program costs for Landsat-7's activities previously funded by the Department of
Defense and planned for future funding by the Department of Commerce. They do not include the NASA civil service workforce
salary and expenses, the non-program-unique government facilities and general and administrative support used to carry out the
research and development activities. For comparability purposes, the estimates are provided only through FY 2000. A more
detailed description of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the
program within the Mission to Planet Earth section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 TOTAL
MORNING SERIES (AM) 385.1 198.8 260.8 202.2 97.0 107.6 56.7 82.6 1,390.8
AFTERNOON SERIES (PM) 64.3 50.1 88.8 127.3 188.2 239.8 235.7 226.1 1,220.3
CHEMISTRY 9.6 2.2 10.3 27.7 82.1 107.4 147.5 182.0 568.8
SPECIAL SPACECRAFT 40.0 20.9 85.5 69.7 92.9 95.8 89.1 93.0 586.9
LANDSAT 7 DEVELOPMENT 32.5 74.1 87.4 78.8 56.1 48.8 8.0 1.6 387.3
ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT 91.8 46.8 58.3 85.4 122.7 154.5 200.8 221.7 982.0
EOSDIS 244.4 188.2 230.6 289.8 309.8 291.9 317.4 358.7 2,230.8
SUBTOTAL 867.7 581.1 821.7 880.9 948.8 1,045.8 1,055.2 1,165.7 7,366.9
SPACE STATION PLATFORM 104.0 104.0
EOS SCIENCE [60.0] [17.7] 37.3 58.4 47.5 56.4 63.4 73.2 336.2
LAUNCH SERVICES 3.1 16.2 41.7 86.7 95.3 100.9 46.8 33.2 423.9
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 45.2 18.0 17.0 17.0 97.2
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT 1.6 2.1 2.3 1.1 1.3 8.4
TOTAL 1,020.0 615.3 917.7 1,044.6 1,093.7 1,205.4 1,166.5 1,273.4 8,336.6
Earth Probes
The Earth Probes program consists of spacecraft and instrument developments to address specific, highly-focused mission
requirements in Earth science research. They are complementary to the scientific data gathering activities carried out within the
EOS program. The currently approved Earth probes are the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), NASA Scatterometer
(NSCAT), and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Future missions will be funded to take advantage of the new technologies in
spacecraft and instrument design being developed by other federal agencies and by NASA in the Space Access and Technology
program (Smallsat and the research and technology program) and program to develop New Millennium Spacecraft (funded in the
Planetary program).
The budgetary estimates below represent funding included in the Science, Aeronautics and Technology appropriation. The program
is designed as an ongoing program. The budget estimates immediately below do not include the estimated costs incurred by the
international collaborators, mission operations and data analysis costs, launch services, related funding included in the Earth
Observing System program, NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses, use of government facilities and general and
administrative support used to carry out the research and development activities. A more detailed description of the program goals,
objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the program within the Mission to Planet Earth
section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance Total
SCATTEROMETER 174.3 17.1 15.4 3.9 210.7
TOTAL OZONE MAPPING SPECTROMETER. 74.5 13.8 14.9 8.5 6.4 11.8 7.0 4.8 141.7
TROPICAL RAINFALL MEAS. MISS. 85.5 65.5 51.3 24.5 21.6 248.4
NEW TECHNOLOGY EARTH PROBES 50.0 50.0 Continues
Scatterometer
NASA began the development of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) in October 1984 as a host instrument on the Navy Remote
Sensing Satellite (N-ROSS). The N-ROSS program was canceled in March 1988. In August 1989, NSCAT was selected by the
Japanese space agency for their planned Advanced Earth Observing System (ADEOS) mission. The instrument's design was altered
to allow it to be accommodated on the ADEOS. The Japanese plan to launch the ADEOS spacecraft on their H-II launch vehicle in
February 1996.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 174.3 17.1 15.4 3.9 210.7
MO & DA 6.2 9.3 6.8 3.1 25.4
TOTAL 174.3 17.1 15.4 10.1 9.3 6.8 3.1 236.1
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer
The TOMS Earth Probes program is a follow-on to the Total Ozone Mapper (TOM) instrument flown with such great success on the
Nimbus-7 spacecraft from 1978 until just recently. A TOM instrument was also flown on the Russian METEOR spacecraft in 1991.
The TOMS program consists of a set of instruments (flight models 3, 4, 5) and one small spacecraft being launched in mid-1995 on a
Pegasus launch vehicle. Flight model 3 will be flown on this TOMS Earth Probe spacecraft. Flight model 4 is planned for launch on
the Japanese ADEOS spacecraft in February 1996. Flight model 5 is currently planned for a cooperative mission with the Russian
Space Agency in the year 2000.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 74.5 13.8 14.9 8.5 6.4 11.8 7.0 4.8 141.7
MO & DA 2.3 3.2 3.7 3.3 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 6.3 29.6
LAUNCH SUPPORT 15.8 .9 16.7
TRACKING (TOMS EARTH PROBE) 2.5 1.4 .5 .7 5.1
TOTAL 95.1 19.3 19.1 12.5 9.0 14.5 9.7 7.6 6.3 193.1
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
The development of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) began in FY 1992, after a four-year period of concept studies
and preliminary mission definition. The TRMM objective is to obtain a minimum of three years of climatologically significant
observations of tropical rainfall. TRMM data will be useful to understand the ocean-atmosphere coupling, especially in the
development of El Nino events, which form in the tropics but whose effects are felt globally. The observatory spacecraft is being
built in-house at the Goddard Space Flight Center. The Japanese are building a critical instrument, the Precipitation Radar. Two
other instruments are being developed with TRMM program funding, the Visible and Infrared Scanner and TRMM Microwave
Imager. In 1992, two EOS-funded instruments were added to the payload, the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)
and the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). The budget estimates provided below include the costs of accommodating these two
instruments on the TRMM observatory. The TRMM is currently planned for launch in August 1997 on the Japanese H-II launch
vehicle. The EOS Data and Information System will have a specific capability for disseminating TRMM data. The TRMM Science
line provides the amounts funded in the research and analysis budget for science investigations.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 85.5 65.5 51.3 24.5 21.6 248.4
EOS-FUNDED INSTRUMENTS/SCIENCE/DIS [8.2] [9.4] [21.9] [10.3] [8.8] [12.6] [71.2]
MO & DA 4.9 25.7 29.1 29.4 38.6 127.7
SCIENCE 12.8 5.9 4.9 5.9 5.9 35.4
TRACKING & DATA SUPPORT 1.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.1 .9 15.8
TOTAL 99.7 74.8 59.6 34.0 35.5 26.6 29.1 29.4 38.6 427.3
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Replacement Spacecraft Program
The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) Replacement Spacecraft program began in FY 1987 to replace the loss
of a TDRS spacecraft aboard Challenger. The TDRS-7 is now in the latter stages of development and will result in the
addition of a sixth functionally-identical, nearly design-identical spacecraft to the current constellation of TDRS.
This spacecraft will help ensure continuation of Space Network operations in support of all compatible low-Earth
orbital missions by maintaining the operational satellite system. Launch of the TDRS-7 is currently scheduled for
the July 1995.
The budgetary estimates provided below cover the design and development phase and Shuttle launch costs. The
Shuttle average launch cost has been used to indicate the launch support costs; the Shuttle program costs are
included in the Human Space Flight appropriation. The spacecraft development and the launch services for the
Inertial Upper Stage are now included under the Mission Support appropriation. The estimates do not include the
NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses (S&E), and the use of government facilities and general and
administrative support used to manage and support the program. A more detailed exposition of the program goals,
objectives and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the program within the Office of
Space Communications section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
SPACECRAFT DEVELOPMENT 342.1 5.7 22.2 370.0
LAUNCH SERVICES (IUS) 46.4 34.7 15.6 96.7
LAUNCH SUPPORT (STS) 469.6 469.6
TOTAL 388.5 40.4 507.4 0 0 936.3
TDRS Replenishment Spacecraft Program
As a result of reliability assessments which indicate that a sufficient number of TDRS may not be available by the
end of the decade, the TDRS Replenishment Spacecraft program is being initiated. This program will provide for
three additional TDRS spacecraft. Contract proposals for three additional TDRS spacecraft have been under review
by NASA since the latter part of 1994. A firm fixed price contract award and initiation of development of these
spacecraft is scheduled to occur in February 1995. Due to the high degree of sensitivity regarding this firm fixed
price, commercial practices procurement, further details on the proposed design, capabilities, launch requirements,
and other relevant issues are not available.
The budgetary estimates provided below covers the design, development and launch of three spacecraft and are
included in the Missions Support appropriation. The estimates do not include the NASA civil service workforce salary
and expenses (S&E) and the use of government facilities and general and administrative support used to carry out
the program. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives and activities is provided in the specific
budget justification narrative for the program within the Office of Space Communications section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT AND LAUNCH 2.6 42.0 195.8 239.0 238.6 179.0 105.1 86.7 1,088.8
SERVICES
TOTAL 2.6 42.0 195.8 239.0 238.6 179.0 105.1 86.7 1,088.8
Second TDRS Ground Terminal/White Sands Ground Terminal Upgrade Program
The TDRS ground terminals are necessary for providing continuing, reliable Space Network capabilities required by
all compatible low-Earth orbital missions. The Second TDRS Ground Terminal (STGT) Program was initiated in
FY 1989. The new ground terminal will preclude the possibility of loss of the Space Network system by eliminating
the single failure point of the original ground terminal at White Sands, New Mexico, which could result in a complete
loss of communications. The STGT, Danzante, is the new ground terminal that was completed and approved for
primary operations in December 1994. Upgrade of the White Sands Ground Terminal (WSGT), Cacique, is currently
operating in a backup mode to Danzante and will begin its own refurbishment once Danzante has fully demonstrated
stable support to all of its users. Danzante is expected to be operational by the end of
FY 1995.
The budgetary estimates provided below are the amounts included in the Missions Support appropriation for this
program. They do not include the NASA civil service workforce salary and expenses (S&E) and general and
administrative support used to carry out the program. A more detailed exposition of the program goals, objectives
and activities is provided in the specific budget justification narrative for the program within the Office of Space
Communications section.
(Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars)
PRIOR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Balance TOTAL
DEVELOPMENT 537.1 19.0 18.6 .2 574.9
COMMUNICATIONS 2.8 2.8
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 23.2 23.2
TOTAL 563.1 19.0 18.6 .2 600.9
SI