CHAPTER 1
GENERAL WORKS

Baker, David. "A Schedule for the Shuttle." Spaceflight. 13 (December 1971): 454-55. Describes the timetable for completion and flight of the Shuttle as it was understood in the early 1970s. It comments that the Shuttle should be flying operational missions by 1979, but Baker suggests that there was already a contingency plan being developed to push flight operations as far into the future as the 1981-1983 time period depending on NASA's funding.

Baker, David. "Evolution of the Space Shuttle, Part 1." Spaceflight. 15 (June 1973): 202-10. First in a series of articles dealing with the development of the Shuttle. It focuses on the technological development of the system through the proposed baseline for Phase B studies.

Baker, David. "Evolution of the Space Shuttle, North American Rockwell, Part 2." Spaceflight. 15 (July 1973): 264-68. Second in series of articles, this one reviews the studies in the late 1960s on the possibility of a fully-reusable Shuttle, emphasizing technological development.

Baker, David. "Evolution of the Space Shuttle, North American Rockwell, Part 3." Spaceflight. 15 (September 1973): 344- 52. The third Shuttle article in this series deals with the technological development of the external fuel tanks for the orbiter and the replacement of the piloted flyback booster with a ballistic booster arrangement.

Baker, David. "Evolution of the Space Shuttle, Part 4." Spaceflight. 18 (September 1976): 304-38. Written to commemorate the roll-out of the Orbiter 101 prototype, this article reviews the major design changes and presents an evolutionary update of the Shuttle's technological development.

Baker, David. "Evolution of the Space Shuttle: 5. Approach and Landing Test Programme." Spaceflight. 19 (June 1977): 213- 17. As the subtitle suggests, this article desribes the major developments in the test program for the Shuttle's reentry and landing phase.

Baker, David. "Evolution of the Space Shuttle: 6. Free Flight Tests Begin." Spaceflight. 20 (January 1978): 21-28, 40. Describes the flight characteristics of the Shuttle tests then underway at the Dryden Flight Research Center in California.

Baker, David. "Evolution of the Space Shuttle: 7. External Tank Design-1." Spaceflight. 20 (February 1978): 60-66. An article relating the basic development of the technology going into the external tank design.

Baker, David. "Evolution of the Space Shuttle: 8. External Tank Design-2." Spaceflight. 20 (March 1978): 110-15. A continuation of the above article.

Baker, David. Space Shuttle. New York: Crown Publishers, 1979. A popularly-written work on the origins and development of the Shuttle. Heavily illustrated, it bears a striking resemblance to the series of articles on the subject listed above.

Bekey, I., and Mayer, H. "1980-2000: Raising Our Sights for Advanced Space Systems." Astronautics and Aeronautics. 14 (July-August 1976): 34-64. This special section on the possible future of space travel has much to say about space stations and flights to Mars and beyond, but also emphasizes the development of the Shuttle as the necessary first step in any ready access to space.

Champine, Gloria R. Langley's Space Shuttle Technology--A Bibliography. Hampton, VA: Langley Research Center, 1981. A compilation of most of the major research reports, journal articles, presentations, and contractor reports written or published by the Langley Research Center staff or by its contractors. It covers a number of disciplines: aerothermodynamics, structures, dynamics and aeroelasticity, environment, and materials. Organized chronologically within three major categories--NASA formal reports, contractor reports, and articles and conferences--the bibliography collects the material produced only through the auspices of Langley. It is not annotated and there is no indication of any central location where all the listed items might be found. There are more than one thousand entries in this bibliography, most of them unpublished in the strict sense of the term--reports and technical papers which might have been duplicated but not generally made available--and all of them highly technical.

Collins, Michael. Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space. New York: Grove Press, 1988. This book, a general history of the U.S. space program for a popular audience written by a former astronaut, has a fine discussion of the development and flight of the Space Shuttle. He sketches, in an easy to understand style, the design and engineering development of the system, difficulties overcome, and the operations of the Shuttle. The most valuable part is Collins' analysis of the Challenger accident. It was partly a personal account, describing his predictions and reactions, and presenting a clear portrait of the technical problem that caused the disaster. He then comments on NASA as an organization and offers some insights on how to bounce back from the tragedy.

Cooper, Henry S.F. "A Reporter At Large: Shuttle-I." The New Yorker. 9 February 1981, pp. 43-105, passim. A sophisticated account of the development of the Shuttle, written with attention to detail, human involvement, and real style. It surveys the course taken by the space program that led to the building of the Shuttle. Cooper makes frequent comparisons between the Shuttle and early spacecraft like Apollo, not just the search for reusable systems ala S„nger.

Cooper, Henry S.F. "A Reporter At Large: Shuttle-II." The New Yorker. 16 February 1981, pp. 65-113, passim. Second in the Cooper series, follows on with continued discussion of the Shuttle and some speculation on what the Shuttle might mean for the world and future space programs.

Covault, Craig. "Columbia Ready for First Flight." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 6 April 1981, pp. 16-20. A description of the Shuttle, how it was developed, how it operates, and what promise it holds. This article was published at the time of the first launch.

Disher, John H. "Space Transportation: Reflections and Projections." in Durant, Frederick C., III, ed. Between Sputnik and the Shuttle: New Perspectives on American Astronautics. San Diego, CA: American Astronautical Society, 1981. pp. 199- 224. This article is part of a larger publication focusing on various aspects of the space program. A presentation by the director of Advanced Programs for NASA's Office of Space Transportation Systems at the AAS, it contains no notes or other scholarly apparatus. It does survey the methods of spaceflight for piloted missions since Mercury and describes some of the features of the Shuttle.

Dooling, Dave. "Shuttle Business and Space Policy," Astronautics & Aeronautics. 19 (September 1981): 9-15. This article is a good, short assessment of the Shuttle mission and how it affects the commercial and military worlds; it raises some policy questions concerning the NASA's role in the operational arena.

Embury, Barbara, with Crouch, Tom D. The Dream is Alive. New York: Harper and Row, 1991. This book is a printed version of the National Air and Space Museum's IMAX film by the same title. Using powerful illustrations and spare text, it deals with the potential of the Shuttle.

Fletcher, James C. "Are SKYLAB and the Space Shuttle Worth the Investment?" Government Executive. January 1974. pp. 38- 40, 42. This is a logical defense of both the Shuttle and Skylab programs written by the NASA Administrator. He justifies the Shuttle on the basis of cost savings ($1 billion per year for operations) and versatility, and its ability to serve as an excellent platform for scientific research, to mate humans and machines in a reliable and meaningful way, to mix scientific and practical applications, to provide a space rescue capability, to be used for Department of Defense projects, to foster aerospace technology, to facilitate international cooperation, and to provide the key to U.S. supremacy in space.

Forres, George. Space Shuttle: The Quest Continues. London: Ian Allen, 1989. In what could only be considered a broad introduction to the Shuttle program, the author describes the reassessment of the Shuttle program following the Challenger accident and its return to flight in September 1988. Designed for the buff market, it is well-illustrated but has no references.

Furniss, Tim. Space Shuttle Log. New York: Jane's, 1986. This is a decent general history of the Shuttle, promotional and heavily-illustrated in a large format. Gatland, Kenneth W.; Hewish, Mark; and Wright, Pearce. The Space Shuttle Handbook. New York: Hamlyn, 1979. This is a short, heavily-illustrated work about the development and operation of the Shuttle, designed for the popular market.

Hawkes, Nigel. Space Shuttle. New York: Gloucester Press, 1982. A short work using drawings and diagrams, this booklet describes the new era of space technology that began officially in 1981 with the maiden flight of the Shuttle Columbia, the first reusable spacecraft.

Hawkes, Nigel. Space Shuttle: A New Era? New York: Gloucester Press, 1989. Rehashes Hawkes' 1982 publication but also discusses the evolution of the Shuttle program since first flight, including the Challenger accident. In this book the author, who had been a booster of the Shuttle program, takes a much more critical approach toward the effort and suggests that the Shuttle does not really provide easy access to space.

Henry, Beverly Z., and Decker, John P. "Future Earth Orbit Transportation Systems/Technology Implications." Astronautics & Aeronautics. 14 (September 1976): 18-28. Sophisticated article on the potential of the Shuttle for space exploration.

Hosenball, S. Neil. "The Space Shuttle: Prologue or Postscript?" Journal of Space Law. 9 (Spring-Fall 1981): 69-75. This article treats the development of the Shuttle as a method for easy access to space, focusing on the problems and potential of space commercialization, the legal issues of orbiting civilians, and associated questions. As might be expected, it is heavy on policy and legal questions and short on technological discussions.

Jenkins, Dennis R. Rockwell International Space Shuttle. Arlington, TX: Aerofax Inc., 1989. One of several popular books that present an overview of the Shuttle and its development and use. It is a well-illustrated, 72 page book.

Joels, Kerry Mark, and Kennedy, Greg. Space Shuttle Operator's Manual. New York: Ballantine Books, 1982. One of the better promotional-oriented, illustrated histories, this book describes the origins and development of the Shuttle.

Johnson, Thomas H. "The Natural History of the Space Shuttle." Technology and Society. 10 (1988): 417-24. Describes the historical development of the Shuttle from its inception to the present day. Johnson argues that "scientific rationality," as evidenced in the design of the system, was overridden by one president who ignored professional advisors, and by a second president who overruled DOD's protest of the Shuttle's monopoly on launches. He notes that mixing explicit technical and economic goals with subjective criteria of politics and prestige established a program in which shortcuts were common and the potential for failure downroad was probable. He notes that stress on competition promoted what he calls "irrational elements in decision making." In other words, Johnson maintains that cautious judgment and detailed analysis took a back seat to glamor and national prestige in the development of the Shuttle.

"Just How Does the Shuttle Stack Up?" NASA Activities. 21 (November/December 1990): 8-10. Attempts to justify the Shuttle by comparing its performance in the 1980s with previous human space flight missions.

Kaplan, Marshall H. Space Shuttle: America's Wings to the Future. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishing, 1978. A popular treatment, with heavy reliance on photographs and a public relations tone, that discusses the development of the Shuttle from a nontechnical perspective. The subtitle summarizes the thrust of the work; useful chiefly as an example of the public image of the space program.

Larmore, Lewis, and Gervais, R.L. eds. Space Shuttles and Interplanetary Missions. Tarzana, CA: American Astronautical Society, 1970. This lengthy publication is a collection of papers presented at an AAS meeting on the use of the Shuttle, then only on the drawing board, for flights to Mars and other planets. These discussions were highly speculative.

Light, Larry. "Space Shuttle Will Usher in New Spaceflight Era . . . Despite Delays, Budget Cuts and Controversy." Congressional Quarterly. 37 (28 April 1979): 784-5. Reviews the congressional battle over funding for the Shuttle, and summarizes the Shuttle's expected military, scientific, and commercial uses.

Luxenberg, Barbara A. "Space Shuttle Issue Brief #IB73091." The Library of Congress Congressional Research Service Major Issues System. 7 July 1981. Describes the general development and mission of the Shuttle and provides commentary on issues of importance in the political arena of the period, especially relating to operational performance and costs.

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Space Shuttle. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration SP-407, 1976. This highly-illustrated, full-color booklet was written within NASA as a means of convincing the public of the advantages of the Shuttle program. It describes the Shuttle system and mission profile, the technology required, the benefits accrued from living and working in space, and the major components of the Shuttle. The last sections deal with the economic impact of the Shuttle and the field center participants. Although now 16 years old it is still a useful summary of the Shuttle and its capabilities and potential uses.

MacKnight, Nigel. Shuttle. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1985. A heavily illustrated, popular book on the Shuttle.

MacKnight, Nigel. Shuttle 2. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1988. Revision of the 1985 edition, with more illustrations and a commentary on the Challenger accident.

Mark, Hans. "The Impact of Our Enterprise in Space." Technology in Society. 1 (1979): 43-53. Broad-brush assessment of the nation's space program. Mark, a former top NASA official, pays special attention to the Shuttle program as the best effort the U.S. has for routine access to space. Once ready access is achieved, the door will be open for grand developments in science and the applications of science and technology in new areas, it argues.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. National Space Transportation System Reference. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, June 1988. 2 Vols. Contains a wealth of information about the Shuttle. The first volume has material about systems and facilities and the second is about Shuttle operations.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. National Space Transportation System Overview. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, September 1988. Brief description of the overall Shuttle program, assessing the status of each major aspect of the effort and offering a soothing statement that problems were corrected after the Challenger accident and by 1988 the Shuttle program was running well.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Space Shuttle News Reference. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1981. This is a loose leaf reference source about the Shuttle designed for use by media. It has basic facts about all manner of subjects and approaches the topic with a characteristic public relations slant common to such types of material.

National Commission on Space. Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report of the National Commission on Space. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. Plays on the theme of the pioneering spirit of America and sets forth the proposition that the nation will go into space, thus opening the next frontier. The book asks questions about how the U.S. will meet the challenge of space exploration in the next century, in the process developing an aggressive program for a space station and colonies on the Moon and eventually Mars. The centerpiece of this program, however, is the ability to reach space economically and routinely. In that environment a mixture of expendable launch vehicles and the Shuttle are recommended. The commission urges the development of more efficient space transportation systems through technological research, especially fully reusable vehicles of all types. A chapter, "Highway to Space," deals specifically with the Shuttle and urges its continued development. It also recommends the development of a follow-on system, an aerospace plane that could take off and land like an aircraft but reach orbit.

O'Neill, Gerard K. The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1977. Speculates on what the universe and humanity will be like in the 21st century. A central part of the book is movement into space made possible by the Space Shuttle.

Oberg, James E. "Beyond the Space Shuttle." Astronomy. 4 (March 1976): 6-19. This article speculates on the potential for space exploration opened by the Shuttle. It discusses the possibilities of a space station and trips to the other planets.

Parkinson, R.C. "Earth-Moon Transport Options in the Shuttle and Advanced Shuttle Era." Journal of British Interplanetary Society. 34 (February 1981). This article is a useful discussion of the potential operational activities of the Shuttle in an environment in which access to space was assured, in which there was a space station, and in which there was a Moon base.

Pielke Jr., Roger A. "A Reappraisal of the Space Shuttle Program." Unpublished study conducted by the Center for Space and Geosciences Policy, University of Colorado. Copy in NASA History Office Reference Collection. Part 1 critiques the "conventional wisdom" concerning the Shuttle's development, that the Space Shuttle is a "policy failure" because NASA bowed to political pressure in designing a less costly but also less effective shuttle. It criticizes the "Apollo paradigm" that a clear goal and strong presidential commitment to a large space program is necessary for success. Rather, the article argues, the space program should adapt itself to the system of incremental politics that characterizes U.S. government. Using the level of federal commitment and program performance with respect to original expectations as the main criteria for success, Pielke concludes that the Shuttle program has performed poorly. Part II of Pielke's study attempts to identify the specific causes of the Shuttle's "poor performance." Pielke claims that the problem stems from NASA's control over technical expertise in astronautics, NASA's fixation on the Shuttle as a stepping-stone to larger programs, changing justifications for the Shuttle in order to please Congress and the Office of Management and Budget, pork-barrel politics, and NASA's expectation of non-accountability.

Powers, Robert M. Shuttle: The World's First Spaceship. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1979, 1980. A popular work written in the excited tones of the early Shuttle period, this book lays out the mission and direction of the program as it stood at the end of the 1970s. There is quite a lot of ballyhoo about what the Shuttle should be able to accomplish, "routine access to space," and what that would mean for the world. There is a short bibliography at the end of the book.

Priestley, Lee. America's Space Shuttle. New York: J. Messner, 1978. Written for a popular audience and containing numerous illustrations, this book discusses the reusable space transportation system from a routine and pedestrian perspective.

Rector, William F., III, and Penzo, Paul A., eds. Space Shuttle: Dawn of An Era. San Diego, CA: Univelt Inc., 1980. This is a collection of essays on the Shuttle's promise for routine access to space. It contains the proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the American Astronautical Society.

Roland, Alex. "The Shuttle: Triumph or Turkey?" Discover. November 1985, pp. 14-24. Written by a critic of the Shuttle program, Roland argues that the Shuttle was sold as a practical and cost-effective way to gain routine access to space. It has not delivered. It is still in the spectacle stage and its much-touted capabilities have not been realized. It has made far fewer flights and conducted fewer scientific experiments than publicly predicted.

Salkeld, Robert, Patterson, Donald W., and Grey, Jerry. Space Transportation Systems: 1980-2000. New York: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1978. This short book deals with the concept, development, building, and proposed use of the Space Shuttle. It has a section dealing with the origins of the reusable spacecraft concept and an assessment of the uses of the Shuttle. It also recommends the vigorous pursuit of the goals of the Shuttle, largely because of the practical and economic benefits that will accrue.

Sharpless, Jack. The Earthbound Observer: A Personal Look at the People of NASA and the Space Shuttle Effort. Michigan City, IN: Sharpless Corp., 1983. This is an eclectic critique of the Shuttle program in 89 pages.

Smith, E.P. "Space Shuttle in Perspective--History in the Making." AIAA Paper 75-336. February 24-26, 1975, pp. 1-13. This survey reviews four decades of space vehicle systems research and development leading up to the building of the Shuttle. It traces the highlights of those developments leading to a reusable orbiter from Wernher von Braun's winged A-4b and Eugen S„nger's antipodal bomber of the World War II era, through the X-series of test aircraft and rocket planes in the U.S. Smith pays special attention to the design studies and hardware programs of the 1950s and 1960s from which the Shuttle emerged. Finally, he recites the major steps in Shuttle review from its initial planning stage to the RDT&E process of the 1970s. This is a very informative, scholarly article.

Smith, Melvyn. An Illustrated History of the Space Shuttle. Sommerset, England: Haynes Pub. Group, 1985. This large-sized picture book is oriented toward satisfying the popular market. Almost half of it is concerned with earlier high-speed, high- altitude flight as a means of paving the way for the Shuttle. It recites and publishes photographs of early aircraft, such as the X-1, the X-15, and lifting body studies before going into a discussion of the Shuttle. This discussion focuses on the technological development of the orbiter, especially test and evaluation. A chapter is then devoted to each of the Shuttle orbiters built, dealing with their procurement, construction, test and evaluation, and mission performance. There is a helpful set of appendices discussing each of the X-15, M2F2, HL-10, X-24, M2F3, and Shuttle flights. There are no references.

Soffen, Gerald A. ed. Visions of Tomorrow: A Focus on National Space Transportation Issues. San Diego, CA: Univelt, 1987. This contains the proceedings of the 25th Goddard Memorial Symposium held 18-20 March 1987 at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and sponsored by the American Astronautical Society. There are several articles on what the future might hold for space transportation as well as practical areas of exploitation for the Shuttle.

Stine, G. Harry. Shuttle into Space: A Ride in America's Space Transportation System. Chicago: Follett Publishing Co., 1978. This is an interesting account of the development and especially the promise offered by the Shuttle.

Stine, G. Harry. The Hopeful Future. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1983. In this book one of the leading "futurists" in the nation analyzes what humanity can accomplish in the twenty- first century. His emphasis is on science and technology, and he discusses at length the need to move outward into the solar system. He contends that many of the world's present problems can be solved by the exploration, and in some instances exploitation, of space. Much of the species' reach for the planets hinges on the Shuttle and its ability to support a reasonably-priced and routine entry into space.

Thompson, R.F. The Space Shuttle: A Future Space Transportation System. Houston, TX: Johnson Space Center, 1974. Originally presented as an AIAA paper, this short work sets forth the primary objective of the Space Shuttle program as an attempt to achieve an economical means to reach space. It provides an introductory review of the considerations that led to NASA's development of the Shuttle; describes the historical context for this discussion from the standpoint of general developments in transportation; and presents a review of the Shuttle system, mission profile, payload categories, and payload accommodations. It concludes with a forecast of the system's use for space science research.

Torres, George. Space Shuttle: A Quantum Leap. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1987. Discusses the Shuttle and the technology that it brings to space flight. Well-illustrated and packaged in a format designed for a popular audience.

Torres, George. Space Shuttle: The Quest Continues. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1989. A revision of Torres' 1987 publication on the Shuttle. Adds some additional detail and includes a section on the Challenger accident.

Turner, Sarah. "Maxime Faget and the Space Shuttle." NASA Activities. 21 (November/December 1990): 22. This short biography of Faget credits him with making major contributions toward developing the concepts and designs of every U.S. manned spacecraft from the Mercury program to the Space Shuttle.

"A Walk Around the Space Shuttle." NASA Activities. 21 (November/December 1990): 16-17. This short article provides a thumb-nail sketch of the main components of the Space Shuttle: the orbiter, engines, external tank, and solid rocket boosters.

Wilford, John Nobel. "Riding High." Wilson Quarterly. 4 (Autumn 1980): 56-70. Lead article in a special section of the space program. It details the recent history of the United States space program since the launch of Sputnik and the declaration of the space race by Kennedy. The author examines the interrelationships involved in funding, planning, and administration of the space program between Congress, NASA, and the DOD. He also examines highlights of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo projects, as well as the development of administrative techniques for management. Wilford suggests that the 1970s was a decade of decline for interest in the space program but that with the development of the Shuttle this appears to be changing. The present effort, he says, seems to represent an important combination of military, commercial, and scientific interests that have not been present in the space program before.

Wilson, Andrew. Space Shuttle Story. New York: Hamlyn, 1986. Large-format, illustrated history of the Shuttle designed mostly for the popular market.

Yenne, Bill. Space Shuttle. New York: Gallery Books, 1989. Another illustrated history with excellent color photos and simple text.