CHAPTER 9
SCIENCE ON THE SHUTTLE, POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL

"A User's Eye-View of the Space Shuttle." NASA Activities. 21 (November/December 1990): 18-19. This is an interview with Dr. Charles E. Bugg concerning the Protein Crystal Growth Experiments performed on the Space Shuttle. The article discussed the advantages of using the Shuttle for these experiments, the results, and the possible medical advantages of the research.

Baker, David. "Programming the Shuttle to Future Needs." Spaceflight. 22 (March 1980): 137-40. This article takes a cursory look at the role of the Shuttle in the development of all manner of commodities that could benefit from a microgravity environment.

Billstein, Roger E. "International Aerospace Engineering: NASA Shuttle and European Spacelab." Unpublished paper prepared for the NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellow Program, 12 August 1981. This paper was prepared to discuss the interrelationships between the NASA and the European space programs for the conduct of a Shuttle mission to launch the Spacelab. It deals largely with the policy and diplomatic history of the subject.

Bless, Robert. "Space Science: What's Wrong at NASA." Issues in Science and Technology. 5 (Winter 1988-1989): 67-73. Not specifically concerned with the Shuttle, that program nevertheless enters into Bless' analysis of the problems of NASA. He uses the Hubble Space Telescope as an example of how not to manage a program and concludes that the problems are "overreliance on the Space Shuttle, a predilection for big projects, and poor management."

Chesterton, T. Stephen; Chafer, Charles M.; and Chafer, Sallie Birket. Social Sciences and Space Exploration: New Directions for University Instruction. Washington, DC: NASA EP-192, 1988. This is an educational publication issued by NASA exploring the relationship between technology and society. It emphasizes technological change and its continuing effects on the society that produces it. As a pathbreaking technology, the Shuttle plays a large role in the discussions contained in this book. The book, designed for use by college professors and students, provides introductory material on a variety of space-related social topics to help in classroom explorations.

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Environments of Planetary Bodies and the Shuttle. New York: Pergamon Press, 1986. This book contains reports presented at the annual meeting of COSPAR held at Toulouse, France on 30 June-11 July 1986.

Covault, Craig. "Shuttle Launch of Galileo Jupiter Mission Highlights U.S. Space Science Renaissance." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 23 October 1989, pp. 22-24. This news story reports on the launch of the Galileo for Jupiter from the Shuttle mission in October 1989 and suggests that the Shuttle program is now emerging from the doldrums after the loss of Challenger.

Dooling, Dave. "Eyeing Innovative Shuttle Payloads." Astronautics & Aeronautics. 18 (May 1980): 18-20. This article describes some of the unique missions and science experiments projected for the Shuttle. It is not particularly unique in what it discusses but has some useful information.

Froehlich, Walter. Spacelab: An International Short-Stay Orbiting Laboratory. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1983. This is an interesting short study of Spacelab, the Shuttle-based laboratory built by ESA as a cooperative venture with NASA. It is heavily illustrated and designed for a popular audience.

Get Away Special . . . The First Ten Years. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989. This 40-page report describes the origins and development of the unique science program for the Shuttle that allows both professional and nonprofessional experimenters to gain access to space. The brief history begins with the origins of the Get Away special, and tells about the milestones in its development. Most important, it presents an overview of individual customer payloads, chronologically grouped with the various Shuttle missions.

Goddard Space Flight Center. Final Report of the Space Shuttle Payload Planning Working Groups. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Space Flight Center, May 1973. 10 Vols. Describes in detail the initial plans for the uses of the Shuttle. In addition to the first volume, which contains executive summaries, other volumes review the potential payloads in the disciplines of astronautics, atmospheric and space physics, high energy astrophysics, life sciences, solar physics, communications and navigation, earth observations, earth and ocean physics, materials processing and space manufacturing, and space technology.

Greer, Jerry D. "Space Shuttle Large Format Camera Coverage of Areas in Africa--A Review of the Mission and the Photographs Acquired." Geocarto International. 4 (June 1989): 19-33. During October 1984 the Shuttle Challenger carried a large format cartographic camera for an engineering evaluation that took an excellent set of high resolution photographs of limited areas worldwide with many in Africa. The result of this experiment are reviewed in this article, which also presents many striking photos.

Halstead, Thora W., and Dufour, Patricia A., eds. Biological and Medical Experiments on the Space Shuttle, 1981-1985. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986. This volume describes each of the biological and medical experiments and samples flown on the Shuttle during its missions prior to the Challenger accident. It lists the Shuttle missions chronologically by number and then describes each experiment that took place on each mission, including such data as: flight number, experiment title, information on investigators, sponsors, developers, management and integration team, experiment location in the Shuttle, species studied, objectives of the experiment, a description of the experiment, conclusions, and references about the experiment for further research.

Hammel, R.L., Gilliam, A.S., and Waltz, D.M. "Space Processing Payloads--A Requirements Overview." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 30 (October 1977): 363-77. This article considers the space processing applications with regard to the user community offered by the Shuttle. The development of a series of low-gravity materials processing experiments, including crystal growth and solids, is described along with the program requirements for such research. Spacelab should satisfy many of these efforts in partnership with the Shuttle. The authors also review the results of an eight-month study which defines and investigates possible space application payloads for the Shuttle, with special attention to payload design criteria, mission planning, and analyses regarding costs and scheduling.

Hoffman, H.E.W. The Space Laboratory: A European-American Cooperative Effort. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1981. This short work, a translation of a West German study, reviews the history of the European participation in the American Space Shuttle project. Some early work carried out in West Germany on the rocket-powered second stage of a reusable launch vehicle system is cited, in particular wind tunnel studies of the aerodynamic and flight-mechanical behavior of various lifting body configurations in the subsonic range. Also highlighted is the development of international cooperation in the Shuttle program, especially noting West German interest and expertise. Also mentioned is the U.S.'s decision to exclude Europe from participating in the design of the orbiter and the booster stage of the Shuttle.

Jerkovsky, William. ed. Shuttle Pointing of Electro-Optical Experiments. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Engineers, 1981. This book contains the proceedings of a technical conference held in Los Angeles, CA, on 10-13 February 1981 concerning the use of the Shuttle for star tracking and other scientific endeavors using optics.

Johnson, Rodney O., and Meredith, Leslie. eds. Proceedings of the Space Shuttle Sortie Workshop. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Space Flight Center, 1974. 2 Vols. This publication represents the work done at a conference on the Shuttle held at Goddard Space Flight Center on 31 July-4 August 1974. The first volume of the proceedings deals with policy and system characteristics, while the second contains working group reports. The proceedings describe the basic capabilities of Shuttle sortie mode and the potential uses of the Shuttle for research in individual disciplines.

Katauskas, Ted. "Shuttle Science: Is it Paying Off?" Research and Development. 32 (August 1990): 43-46, 48, 50, 52. The author claims in this article that "about half of the projects scheduled to fly into space in the orbiter will do so with little or no practical proof that they will work once they reach microgravity." He maintains--contrary to the evidence in several other publications listed in this section--that NASA does not keep adequate records of experiments and that incompatible experiments are packed together on the Shuttle, often ruining results.

Koelle, Dietrich E., and Butler, George V. ed. Shuttle/Spacelab: The New Space Transportation System and its Utilization. San Diego, CA: Univelt, 1981. This is a collection of papers relating to the development and uses of the Shuttle presented at the American Astronautical Society.

Lord, Douglas R. Spacelab: An International Success Story. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987. Spacelab was the European-developed and U.S.-operated space laboratory carried in the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle. This book details the history of this program from its conception, describing negotiations and agreements for European participation and the roles of Europe and the U.S. in system development, operational capability development, and utilization planning. More important, it reviews the joint management structure, coordination process, and the record in solving management and technical questions in an international setting. While the Shuttle comes into the book repeatedly as the vehicle carrying this system, this book is a chronological account of the Spacelab program from 1967 to 1985. It is filled with illustrations, many in color, and while it has no notes, a list of sources is included, as well as facsimile reprints of many important documents.

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Spacelab Life Sciences 1: First Space Laboratory Dedicated to Life Sciences Research. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NP 120, August 1989. This glossy, well-illustrated publication discusses the first in a series of three Shuttle missions dedicated to studying how living and working in space affects the human body. The document reviews the effects of weightlessness on the body, describes some of the major experiments to be performed, and includes a brief description of the crew and the program management.

Mark, Hans. The Space Station: A Personal Journey. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987. This is an insider's account of the space science policy developed in NASA during the period of germination of the space station. Although ancillary to a discussion of the station, it addresses in detail the technological debates over the method of traveling to and from the space station, including the effect of the Challenger tragedy. The development of the Shuttle and the relationship of it to the space station, arms control, and other topics are also considered.

Mason, J.A. The Space Shuttle Program and its Implications for Space Biology Research. Houston, TX: Johnson Space Center, 1972. This was originally presented as a paper at the American Institute of Biological Sciences meeting in Minneapolis in 1972. It deals with some of the potential for microgravity research using the Space Shuttle.

Morgenthaler, George W., and Burns, William J., eds. Space Shuttle Payloads. Tarzana, CA: Univelt, 1973. This is a publication of the American Astronautical Society. Consisting of papers by several people, it presents technical information on the various types and specifics of many payloads to be flown in the Shuttle orbiter.

Morgenthaler, George W., and Hollstein, M., eds. Space Shuttle and Spacelab Utilization: Near Term and Long Term Benefits for Mankind. San Diego, CA: Univelt Inc., 1978. A scientific work, this publication analyzes the uses of the Shuttle for microgravity, biomedicine, and other types of research.

Moulton, Robert R. First To Fly. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications Co., 1983. This is an account of 18-year-old Todd Nelson, who designed an experiment to study the flight of insects in orbit. It was the first student experiment ever to fly aboard the Space Shuttle.

Murray, Bruce. Journey into Space: The First Three Decades of Space Exploration. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1989. This book is not principally concerned with the Space Shuttle, but it is discussed in some detail in the latter part of this highly personal account by a former director of JPL. Murray, who was concerned with planetary probes, wrote that those missions were constantly challenged by the Shuttle, as NASA's dollars were poured into a development program which lagged behind schedule and over budget. He referred to the Shuttle as NASA's "sacred cow" which always had to be fed despite any other worthwhile projects that went begging. This was especially true during the early 1980s when the Shuttle was becoming operational and the Reagan administration was intent on cutting government expenditures. In essence, Murray concludes, the Shuttle priority ensured that the United States would have no mission to Halley's Comet.

National Academy of Sciences. Scientific Uses of the Space Shuttle. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences- National Research Council, 1974. This 214-page document surveys the missions that could be accomplished by the proposed Shuttle. The areas of scientific research considered are: (1) atmospheric and space physics, (2) high energy astrophysics, (3) infrared astronomy, (4) optical and ultraviolet astronomy, (5) solar physics, (6) life sciences, and (7) planetary exploration. Specific projects to be conducted in these broader areas are also defined. Also analyzed are the modes of operation of the Shuttle.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Materials Processing in Space: Early Experiments. Washington, DC, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1980. This study assesses some of the experimental activities relating to materials processing in orbit.

Naugle, John E. "Research with the Space Shuttle." Physics Today. 26 (November 1973): 30-37. This is an interesting article on the potential for research in space using the large capacity bay of the Shuttle.

Neal, Valerie. Renewing Solar Science: The Solar Maximum Repair Mission. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Space Flight Center, 1984. This is a brief discussion of the successful efforts to repair the Solar Maximum satellite using the Space Shuttle.

Prouty, Clarke R., ed. Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1984. This is a collection of papers delivered at a symposium on small-scale experiments for the Shuttle held 1-2 August 1984 at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.

Science in Orbit: The Shuttle and Spacelab Experience, 1981- 1986. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988. This contains a mission by mission analysis of the scientific experiments conducted in the Shuttle between its first orbital mission and the Challenger accident.

Shapland, David, and Rycroft, Michael. Spacelab: Research in Earth Orbit. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1984. This is a useful discussion of the development and flight of the laboratory built by Europeans for use aboard the Shuttle in earth orbit. It charts the twelve-year program of development through the first launch on the Shuttle in November 1983. It contains a chronicle of experiments performed in the lab and discusses some of the results. The book is highly illustrated with full-color in many places, and is designed as a readable work for the general public but without sacrificing detail and accuracy.

Space Shuttle Payloads: Hearing Before the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Washington, DC: U.S. Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 30-31 October 1973. This two-part publication reviews the Shuttle's possible missions in the 1980s.

Thomas, Lawrence R., and Mosier, Frances L. Get Away Special Experiment's Symposium. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988. This contains the proceedings of the 1988 symposium at Cocoa Beach, Florida, that NASA hosted for scientists interested in the unique experimental capability provided in the Shuttle.

Wilkerson, Thomas D.; Lauriente, Michael; and Sharp, Gerald W. Space Shuttle Environment: Proceedings of the Engineering Foundation Conference, Space Shuttle Experiment and Environment Workshop held at New England College, Henniker, New Hampshire, U.S.A., August 6-10, 1984. Washington, DC: The Engineering Foundation, 1985. A total of 26 presentations make up this technical publication about the Shuttle. Everything is oriented toward current programs and what they offer the world, as well as to projections for the future of the space program. There is considerable discussion of the role of the Shuttle in scientific endeavors in such areas as environmental experimentation; chemical, electronic and biological studies; particle and molecular research; and weightless and motion studies.

Winter, David L. "Carry-On Shuttle Payloads, or How to 'Con the System'." Astronautics & Aeronautics. 15 (June 1977): 54-56. This article discusses the potential of the Shuttle for reasonably-priced space experiments, especially with the so-called "getaway specials" being developed for use in the cargo bay.