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Appendix C
U.S. and Russian Human Spaceflights, 1961-Sep. 30, 1995
| Spacecraft |
Launch Date |
Crew |
Flight Time
(days:hrs:min) |
Highlights |
Space Shuttle
Endeavour (STS-57) |
Jun. 21, 1993 |
Ronald J. Grabe
Brian J. Duffy
G. David Low
Nancy J. Sherlock
Peter J. K. Wisoff
Janice E. Voss |
9:23:46 |
Fifty-sixth STS flight. Carried Spacelab commercial payload module and retrieved European Retrievable Carrier in orbit since August 1992. |
| Soyuz TM-17 |
Jul. 1, 1993 |
Vasiliy Tsibliyev
Aleksandr Serebrov
Jean-Pierre Haignere |
196:17:45a |
Docked with Mir space station July 3. Haignere returned to Earth with Soyuz TM-16. Serebrov Tsibliyev landed in TM-17 spacecraft after end of fiscal year on Jan. 14, 1994. |
Space Shuttle
Discovery (STS-51) |
Sep. 12, 1993 |
Frank L. Culbertson, Jr.
William F. Readdy
James H. Newman
Daniel W. Bursch
Carl E. Walz |
9:20:11 |
Fifty-seventh STS flight. Deployed ACTS satellite to serve as testbed for new communications satellite technology and U.S./German ORFEUS-SPAS. |
Space Shuttle
Columbia (STS-58) |
Oct. 18, 1993 |
John E. Blaha
Richard A. Searfoss
M. Rhea Seddon
Shannon W. Lucid
David A. Wolf
William S. McArthur
Martin J. Fettman |
14:0:29 |
Fifty-eighth STS flight. Carried Spacelab Life Sciences-2 payload to determine the effects of microgravity on human and animal subjects. |
Space Shuttle
Endeavour (STS-61) |
Dec. 2, 1993 |
Richard O. Covey
Kenneth D. Bowersox
Tom Akers
Jeffrey A. Hoffman
Kathryn C. Thornton
Claude Nicollier
F. Story Musgrave |
10:19:58 |
Fifty-ninth STS flight. Restored planned scientific capabilitities and reliability of the Hubble Space Telescope. |
| Soyuz TM-18 |
Jan. 8, 1994 |
Viktor Afanasyev
Yuri Usachev
Valery Polyakov |
182:0:27a |
Docked with Mir space station Jan. 10. Afanasyev and Usachev landed in the TM-18 spacecraft on July 9, 1994. Polyakov remained aboard Mir in the attempt to establish a new record for endurance in space. |
Space Shuttle
Discovery (STS-60) |
Feb. 3, 1994 |
Charles F. Bolden, Jr.
Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr.
N. Jan Davis
Ronald M. Sega
Franklin R. Chang-Diaz
Sergei K. Krikalev (Russia) |
8:7:9 |
Sixtieth STS flight. Carried the Wake Shield Facility to generate new semi-conductor films for advanced electronics. Also carried SPACEHAB. Krikalev's presence signified a new era in cooperation in space between Russia and the United States. |
Space Shuttle
Columbia (STS-62) |
Mar. 9, 1994 |
John H. Casper
Andrew M. Allen
Pierre J. Thuot
Marsha S. Ivins
|
13:23:17 |
Sixty-first STS flight. Carried U.S. Microgravity Payload-2 to conduct experiments in materials processing, biotechnology, and other areas. |
a Figures supplied by Marcia S. Smith, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, based on information in Tass.
(continued)
| Spacecraft |
Launch Date |
Crew |
Flight Time
(days:hrs:min) |
Highlights |
Space Shuttle
Endeavour (STS-59) |
Apr. 9, 1994 |
Sidney M. Gutierrez
Kevin P. Chilton
Jerome Apt
Michael R. Clifford
Linda M. Godwin
Thomas D. Jones |
11:5:50 |
Sixty-second STS flight. Carried the Space Radar Laboratory-1 to gather data on the Earth and the effects humans have on its carbon, water, and energy cycles. |
| Soyuz TM-19 |
July 1, 1994 |
Yuri I. Malenchenko
Talgat A. Musabayev |
125:22:53a |
Docked with Mir space station July 3. Both Malenchenko and Musabayev returned to Earth with the Soyuz TM-19 spacecraft, landing in Kazakhstan on Nov. 4 together with Ulf Merbold of Germany, who went up aboard Soyuz TM-20 on Oct 3, 1994. Merbold gathered biological samples on the effects of weightlessness on the human body in the first of two ESA missions to Mir to prepare for the International Space Station. |
Space Shuttle
Columbia (STS-65) |
July 8, 1994 |
Robert D. Cabana
James D. Halsell, Jr.
Richard J. Hieb
Carl E. Walz
Leroy Chiao
Donald A. Thomas
Chiaki Naito-Mukai (Japan) |
14:17:55 |
Sixty-third STS flight. Carried International Microgravity Laboratory-2 to conduct research into the behavior of materials and life in near weightlessness. |
Space Shuttle
Discovery (STS-64) |
Sep. 9, 1994 |
Richard N. Richards
L. Blaine Hammond, Jr.
L. Blaine Hammond, Jr.
J. M. Linenger
Susan J. Helms
Carl J. Meade
Mark C. Lee |
10:22:50 |
Sixty-fourth STS flight. Used LIDAR In-Space Technology Experiment to perform atmospheric research. Included the first untethered spacewalk by astronauts in over 10 years. |
Space Shuttle
Endeavour (STS-68) |
Sep. 30, 1994 |
Michael A. Baker
Terrence W. Wilcutt
Thomas D. Jones
Steven L. Smith
Daniel W. Bursch
Peter J. K. Wisoff |
11:5:36 |
Sixty-fifth STS flight. Used Space Radar Laboratory-2 to provide scientists with data to help distinguish human-induced environmental change from other natural forms of change. |
| Soyuz TM-20 |
Oct. 3, 1994 |
Alexsandr Viktorenko
Telena Kondakova
Ulf Merbold (ESA) |
* |
Soyuz TM-19 returned to Earth on Nov. 4, 1994, with Yuri Malenchenko, Talgat Musabayev, and Ulf Merbold. Valeriy Polyakov remained aboard Mir. |
Space Shuttle
Atlantis (STS-66) |
Nov. 3, 1994 |
Donald R. McMonagle
Curtis L. Brown, Jr.
Ellen Ochoa
Joseph R. Tanner
Jean-Francois Clervoy
(ESA)
Scott E. Parazynski |
10:22:34 |
Sixty-sixth STS flight. Three main payloads: the third Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-3), the first Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (CRISTA-SPAS-1), and the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) spectrometer. Astronauts also conducted protein crystal growth experiments. |
a Figures supplied by Marcia S. Smith, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, based on information in Tass.
*Mir crew members stayed for various and overlapping lengths of time.
(continued)
| Spacecraft |
Launch Date |
Crew |
Flight Time
(days:hrs:min) |
Highlights |
Space Shuttle
Discovery (STS-59) |
Feb. 3, 1995 |
James D. Wetherbee
Eileen M. Collins
Bernard A. Harris, Jr.
C. Michael Foale
Janice E. Voss
Vladimir G. Titov (Russia) |
8:6:28 |
Sixty-seventh STS flight. Primary objective: first close encounter in nearly 20 years American and Russian spacecraft as a prelude to between establishment of International Space Station. (Shuttle flew close by to Mir.) Main Payloads: Spacehab 3 experiments and Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN) 204, Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), and Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) Calibration Test. Also launched very small Orbital Debris Radar Calibration Spheres (ODERACS). |
Space Shuttle
Endeavour
(STS-67) |
Mar. 2, 1995 |
Stephen S. Oswald
William G. Gregory
John M. Grunsfeld
Wendy B. Lawrence
Tamara E. Jernigan
Ronald A. Parise
Samuel T. Durrance |
16:15:8 |
Sixty-eighth STS flight. Longest Shuttle mission to date. Primary payload was a trio of telescopes called Astro-2. |
| Soyuz TM-21 |
Mar. 14, 1995 |
Vladimir Dezhurov
Gennadi Strekalov
Norman Thagard (U.S.) |
* |
Thagard was the first American astronaut to fly on a Russian rocket and to stay on the Mir space station. Soyuz TM-20 returned to Earth on Mar. 22, 1995, with Valeriy Polyakov, Alexsandr Viktorenko, and Yelena Kondakova. Polyakov set world record by remaining in space for 438 days. |
Space Shuttle
Atlantis (STS-71) |
June 27, 1995 |
Robert L. Gibson
Charles J. Precourt
Ellen S. Baker
Gregory Harbaugh
Bonnie J. Dunbar |
9:19:22 |
Sixty-ninth STS flight and one hundredth U.S. human spaceflight. Docked with Mir space station. Brought up Mir 19 crew (Anatoly Y. Solovyev and Nikolai M. Budarin). Returned to Earth with Mir 18 crew (Vladimir N. Dezhurov, Gennady M. Strekalov, and Norman Thagard). Thagard set an American record by remaining in space for 115 days. |
Space Shuttle
Discovery (STS-70) |
July 13, 1995 |
Terence Henricks
Kevin R. Kregel
Nancy J. Currie
Donald A. Thomas
Mary Ellen Weber |
8:22:20 |
Seventieth STS flight. Deployed Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). Also conducted various biomedical experiments. |
| Soyuz TM-22 |
Sep. 3, 1995 |
Yuri Gidzenko
Sergei Avdeev
Thomas Reiter (ESA) |
* |
Soyuz TM-21 returned to Earth on Sep. 11, 1995, with Mir 19 crew (Anatoliy Solovyev and Nikolay Budarin). |
Space Shuttle
Endeavour (STS-69) |
Sep. 7, 1995 |
David M. Walker
Kenneth D. Cockrell
James S. Voss
James H. Newman
Michael L. Gernhardt |
10:20:28 |
Seventy-first STS flight. Deployed Wake Shield Facility (WSF-2) and SPARTAN 201-03. |
*Mir crew members stayed for various and overlapping lengths of time.
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