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Appendix C
U.S. and Russian Human Spaceflights, 1961-Sep. 30, 1995
Spacecraft |
Launch Date |
Crew |
Flight Time (days:hrs:min) |
Highlights |
Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-57) |
Jun. 21, 1993 |
Ronald J. Grabe Brian J. Duffy G. David Low Nancy J. Sherlock Peter J. K. Wisoff Janice E. Voss |
9:23:46 |
Fifty-sixth STS flight. Carried Spacelab commercial payload module and retrieved European Retrievable Carrier in orbit since August 1992. |
Soyuz TM-17 |
Jul. 1, 1993 |
Vasiliy Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov Jean-Pierre Haignere |
196:17:45a |
Docked with Mir space station July 3. Haignere returned to Earth with Soyuz TM-16. Serebrov Tsibliyev landed in TM-17 spacecraft after end of fiscal year on Jan. 14, 1994. |
Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-51) |
Sep. 12, 1993 |
Frank L. Culbertson, Jr. William F. Readdy James H. Newman Daniel W. Bursch Carl E. Walz |
9:20:11 |
Fifty-seventh STS flight. Deployed ACTS satellite to serve as testbed for new communications satellite technology and U.S./German ORFEUS-SPAS. |
Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-58) |
Oct. 18, 1993 |
John E. Blaha Richard A. Searfoss M. Rhea Seddon Shannon W. Lucid David A. Wolf William S. McArthur Martin J. Fettman |
14:0:29 |
Fifty-eighth STS flight. Carried Spacelab Life Sciences-2 payload to determine the effects of microgravity on human and animal subjects. |
Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-61) |
Dec. 2, 1993 |
Richard O. Covey Kenneth D. Bowersox Tom Akers Jeffrey A. Hoffman Kathryn C. Thornton Claude Nicollier F. Story Musgrave |
10:19:58 |
Fifty-ninth STS flight. Restored planned scientific capabilitities and reliability of the Hubble Space Telescope. |
Soyuz TM-18 |
Jan. 8, 1994 |
Viktor Afanasyev Yuri Usachev Valery Polyakov |
182:0:27a |
Docked with Mir space station Jan. 10. Afanasyev and Usachev landed in the TM-18 spacecraft on July 9, 1994. Polyakov remained aboard Mir in the attempt to establish a new record for endurance in space. |
Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-60) |
Feb. 3, 1994 |
Charles F. Bolden, Jr. Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr. N. Jan Davis Ronald M. Sega Franklin R. Chang-Diaz Sergei K. Krikalev (Russia) |
8:7:9 |
Sixtieth STS flight. Carried the Wake Shield Facility to generate new semi-conductor films for advanced electronics. Also carried SPACEHAB. Krikalev's presence signified a new era in cooperation in space between Russia and the United States. |
Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-62) |
Mar. 9, 1994 |
John H. Casper Andrew M. Allen Pierre J. Thuot Marsha S. Ivins |
13:23:17 |
Sixty-first STS flight. Carried U.S. Microgravity Payload-2 to conduct experiments in materials processing, biotechnology, and other areas. |
a Figures supplied by Marcia S. Smith, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, based on information in Tass.
(continued)
Spacecraft |
Launch Date |
Crew |
Flight Time (days:hrs:min) |
Highlights |
Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-59) |
Apr. 9, 1994 |
Sidney M. Gutierrez Kevin P. Chilton Jerome Apt Michael R. Clifford Linda M. Godwin Thomas D. Jones |
11:5:50 |
Sixty-second STS flight. Carried the Space Radar Laboratory-1 to gather data on the Earth and the effects humans have on its carbon, water, and energy cycles. |
Soyuz TM-19 |
July 1, 1994 |
Yuri I. Malenchenko Talgat A. Musabayev |
125:22:53a |
Docked with Mir space station July 3. Both Malenchenko and Musabayev returned to Earth with the Soyuz TM-19 spacecraft, landing in Kazakhstan on Nov. 4 together with Ulf Merbold of Germany, who went up aboard Soyuz TM-20 on Oct 3, 1994. Merbold gathered biological samples on the effects of weightlessness on the human body in the first of two ESA missions to Mir to prepare for the International Space Station. |
Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-65) |
July 8, 1994 |
Robert D. Cabana James D. Halsell, Jr. Richard J. Hieb Carl E. Walz Leroy Chiao Donald A. Thomas Chiaki Naito-Mukai (Japan) |
14:17:55 |
Sixty-third STS flight. Carried International Microgravity Laboratory-2 to conduct research into the behavior of materials and life in near weightlessness. |
Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-64) |
Sep. 9, 1994 |
Richard N. Richards L. Blaine Hammond, Jr. L. Blaine Hammond, Jr. J. M. Linenger Susan J. Helms Carl J. Meade Mark C. Lee |
10:22:50 |
Sixty-fourth STS flight. Used LIDAR In-Space Technology Experiment to perform atmospheric research. Included the first untethered spacewalk by astronauts in over 10 years. |
Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-68) |
Sep. 30, 1994 |
Michael A. Baker Terrence W. Wilcutt Thomas D. Jones Steven L. Smith Daniel W. Bursch Peter J. K. Wisoff |
11:5:36 |
Sixty-fifth STS flight. Used Space Radar Laboratory-2 to provide scientists with data to help distinguish human-induced environmental change from other natural forms of change. |
Soyuz TM-20 |
Oct. 3, 1994 |
Alexsandr Viktorenko Telena Kondakova Ulf Merbold (ESA) |
* |
Soyuz TM-19 returned to Earth on Nov. 4, 1994, with Yuri Malenchenko, Talgat Musabayev, and Ulf Merbold. Valeriy Polyakov remained aboard Mir. |
Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-66) |
Nov. 3, 1994 |
Donald R. McMonagle Curtis L. Brown, Jr. Ellen Ochoa Joseph R. Tanner Jean-Francois Clervoy (ESA) Scott E. Parazynski |
10:22:34 |
Sixty-sixth STS flight. Three main payloads: the third Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-3), the first Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (CRISTA-SPAS-1), and the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) spectrometer. Astronauts also conducted protein crystal growth experiments. |
a Figures supplied by Marcia S. Smith, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, based on information in Tass.
*Mir crew members stayed for various and overlapping lengths of time.
(continued)
Spacecraft |
Launch Date |
Crew |
Flight Time (days:hrs:min) |
Highlights |
Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-59) |
Feb. 3, 1995 |
James D. Wetherbee Eileen M. Collins Bernard A. Harris, Jr. C. Michael Foale Janice E. Voss Vladimir G. Titov (Russia) |
8:6:28 |
Sixty-seventh STS flight. Primary objective: first close encounter in nearly 20 years American and Russian spacecraft as a prelude to between establishment of International Space Station. (Shuttle flew close by to Mir.) Main Payloads: Spacehab 3 experiments and Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN) 204, Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), and Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) Calibration Test. Also launched very small Orbital Debris Radar Calibration Spheres (ODERACS). |
Space Shuttle Endeavour
(STS-67) |
Mar. 2, 1995 |
Stephen S. Oswald William G. Gregory John M. Grunsfeld Wendy B. Lawrence Tamara E. Jernigan Ronald A. Parise Samuel T. Durrance |
16:15:8 |
Sixty-eighth STS flight. Longest Shuttle mission to date. Primary payload was a trio of telescopes called Astro-2. |
Soyuz TM-21 |
Mar. 14, 1995 |
Vladimir Dezhurov Gennadi Strekalov Norman Thagard (U.S.) |
* |
Thagard was the first American astronaut to fly on a Russian rocket and to stay on the Mir space station. Soyuz TM-20 returned to Earth on Mar. 22, 1995, with Valeriy Polyakov, Alexsandr Viktorenko, and Yelena Kondakova. Polyakov set world record by remaining in space for 438 days. |
Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-71) |
June 27, 1995 |
Robert L. Gibson Charles J. Precourt Ellen S. Baker Gregory Harbaugh Bonnie J. Dunbar |
9:19:22 |
Sixty-ninth STS flight and one hundredth U.S. human spaceflight. Docked with Mir space station. Brought up Mir 19 crew (Anatoly Y. Solovyev and Nikolai M. Budarin). Returned to Earth with Mir 18 crew (Vladimir N. Dezhurov, Gennady M. Strekalov, and Norman Thagard). Thagard set an American record by remaining in space for 115 days. |
Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-70) |
July 13, 1995 |
Terence Henricks Kevin R. Kregel Nancy J. Currie Donald A. Thomas Mary Ellen Weber |
8:22:20 |
Seventieth STS flight. Deployed Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). Also conducted various biomedical experiments. |
Soyuz TM-22 |
Sep. 3, 1995 |
Yuri Gidzenko Sergei Avdeev Thomas Reiter (ESA) |
* |
Soyuz TM-21 returned to Earth on Sep. 11, 1995, with Mir 19 crew (Anatoliy Solovyev and Nikolay Budarin). |
Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-69) |
Sep. 7, 1995 |
David M. Walker Kenneth D. Cockrell James S. Voss James H. Newman Michael L. Gernhardt |
10:20:28 |
Seventy-first STS flight. Deployed Wake Shield Facility (WSF-2) and SPARTAN 201-03. |
*Mir crew members stayed for various and overlapping lengths of time.
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