SP-4402 Origins of NASA Names

 

REFERENCE NOTES

 

[185] PART I: LAUNCH VEHICLES

 

ABLE

1. Milton W. Rosen, Office of Defense Affairs, NASA, telephone interview, 16 Feb. 1965.

 

AGENA

1. W. F. Whitmore, "AGENA-The Spacecraft and the Star," Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. research paper, 16 Jan. 1969; and Dick Bissinette, Andrews AFB, letter to Judy Gildea, NASA, 27 March 1963.

2. Ibid.; and R. H. Allen, Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1963), p. 154. The Dover edition is an unabridged and corrected republication of the work first published by G. E. Steckert in 1899 under the title Star-Names and Their Meanings.

3. D. H. Menxel, footnote in Allen, Star Names, p. 154; and Whitmore, "AGENA-The Spacecraft and the Star."

4. R. Cargill Hall, Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 26 Aug. 1965.

5. Robert F. Piper, Historical Office, Air Force Space Systems Division, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 31 Aug. 1965.

6. Hall, "The Agena Satellite" (unpublished essay), November 1966.

 

ATLAS

1. John L. Chapman, Atlas: The Story of a Missile (New York: Harper & Bros., 1960), p. 62; and R. T. Blair, Jr., Convair Division, General Dynamics Corp., letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 10 Sept. 1965.

2. Robert F. Piper, Historical Office, Air Force Space Systems Division, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 31 Aug. 1965; B/G D. N. Yates, Director of Research and Development, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Development, Hq. USAF, memorandum to the Chairman, Committee on Guided Missiles, Research and Development Board, DOD, 30 July 1951; S. D. Cornell, Acting Executive Secretary, Committee on Guided Missiles, memorandum to B/G D. N. Yates, 6 Aug. 1951; and Yates, memorandum to Commanding General, Air Research and Development Command, 27 Aug. 1951.

3. NASA. News Release 75-19.

 

[186] BIG JOE

1. Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-420l (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 125; and Paul E. Purser, Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), handwritten note to James M. Grimwood, Historian, MSC [October 1963].

 

CENTAUR

1. Frank Kerr, Astronautics Division, General Dynamics Corp., teletype message to Lynn Manley, Lewis Research Center (LeRC), 10 Dec. 1963; and Lynn Manley, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 11 Dec. 1963.

 

DELTA

1. L. B. Norris, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 10 Dec. 1963; and Robert L. Perry, "The Atlas, Thor, Titan, and Minuteman," in Eugene M. Emme, ed., The History of Rocket Technology (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1964), p. 160.

2. Milton W. Rosen, Office of Defense Affairs, NASA, telephone interview 16 Feb. 1965.

3. NASA, News Releases 64-133 and 67-306; NASA, program office; and Communications Satellite Corp., Press Kit INTELSAT III [1968].

4. NASA, News Releases 70-2,72-206, and 74-77K; Robert J. Goss, "Delta Vehicle Improvements" in Significant Accomplishments in Technology, proceedings of symposium at Goddard Space Flight Center, 7-8 Nov. 1972, NASA SP-326 (Washington NASA, 1973), 11-13.

5. NASA, News Releases 60-237,60-242, 74-77K, and 75-19.

 

JUNO

1. William H. Pickering, Director, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), teletype message to MIG John B. Medaris, Commanding General, ABMA, 18 Nov. 1957; Medaris, teletype message to Gen. James M. Gavin, Chief of Research and Development, Hq. USA, 20 Nov. 1957; and Wernher von Braun, "The Redstone, Jupiter, and Juno," in Eugene M. Emme, ed., The History of Rocket Technology (Detroit Wayne State University Press, 1964), pp. 107-121.

2. R. Cargill Hall, JPL, letter to Eugene M. Emme, Historian, NASA, 9 Oct. 1965.

3. Von Braun, "The Redstone, Jupiter, and Juno."

 

LITTLE JOE

1. Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-420l (Washington: NASA, 1966), pp. 123-124; Paul E. Purser, MSC, handwritten note to James M. Grimwood, Historian, MSC [October 1963]; and Robert W. Mulac, Langley Research Center (LaRC), letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 10 Dec. 1963.

 

REDSTONE

1. Wernher von Braun, "The Redstone, Jupiter, and Juno," in Eugene M. Emme, ed., The History of Rocket Technology (Detroit Wayne State University Press, 1964), p. 109.

[187] 2. David S. Akens, "Historical Sketch of Marshall Space Flight Center" (MS), n.d. Redstone Arsenal was so named 26 Feb. 1943, having been designated "Redstone Ordnance Plant" since 6 Oct. 1941. From 4 Aug. 1941 to 6 Oct. 1941 it was called "Huntsville Arsenal."

 

SATURN I, SATURN IB

1. Wernher von Braun, "The Redstone, Jupiter, and Juno," in Eugene M. Emme, ed., The History of Rocket Technology (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1964), p. 119.

2. A. Ruth Jarrell, Historical Office, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 16 Dec. 1963; B/G J. A. Barclay, Commander, ABMA, memorandum to M/G John B. Medaris, Commanding General, Army Ordnance Missile Command, 15 Oct. 1958; Medaris, teletype message to Gen. James M. Gavin, Chief of Research and Development, Hq. USA, 15 Oct. 1958; and MSFC, Historical Office, Saturn Illustrated Chronology, MHR-4 (Huntsville: MSFC, 1965), p. 5.

3. Silverstein et al., "Report to the Administrator, NASA, on Saturn Development Plan by Saturn Vehicle Team, 15 Dec. 1959; and MSFC, Historical Office, Saturn Illustrated Chronology, pp. 8-9. The C-1 configuration was composed of three stages: S-1-the first stage, with 6.7-million-newton (1.5-million-pound) thrust-and S-IV and S-V liquid-hydrogen-powered second and third stages. The S-V stage was eliminated in May 1961.

4. MSFC, Historical Office, Saturn Illustrated Chronology, p. 56; and MSFC, Historical Office, History of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center: January 1-June 30, 1962, MHM-5, 1 (Huntsville: MSFC, 1962), 28. The decision to develop the C-1B was announced 11 July 1962, but the name had been in use since early 1962 in design and feasibility studies.

5. George L. Simpson, Jr., Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, memorandum for the Associate Administrator, NASA, 7 Jan. 1963; and MSFC, Historical Office, Saturn Illustrated Chronology, p. 69.

6. Julian W. Scheer, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, memorandum from Project Designation Committee to Public Information Director et al., NASA, 9 June 1966.

7. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Deputy Administrator, NASA, memorandum for George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA, 6 Jan. 1967; Willis H. Shapley, Associate Deputy Administrator, NASA, memorandum for Mueller et al., NASA, 2 Dec. 1967; and Scheer, memorandum to O. B. Lloyd, Jr., Public Information Director, et al.,NASA, 15 Jan. 1968.

 

SATURN V

1. MSFC, Historical Office, History of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center: July 1-December 31, 1961, MHM-4, 1 (Huntsville: MSFC, 1962), 33.

2. George L. Simpson, Jr., Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, memorandum for the Associate Administrator, NASA, 7 Jan. 1963. This memo recommended name changes for all three Saturn vehicles-for Saturn I, Saturn IB, and Saturn V.

3. MSFC, Historical Office, Saturn Illustrated Chronology, MHR-4 Huntsville: MSFC, 1965), p. 69.

4. NASA, News Release 72-220K.

 

SCOUT

1. William E. Stoney, Jr., MSC, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 13 April 1965.

2. NASA, News Release 75-19.

[188] 3. NASA, Wallops Station, Open House Program, 29-30 Sept. 1963.

4. NASA, News Release 74-138; and Paul E. Goozh, Scout Program Manager, NASA, telephone interview, 17 June 1974.

 

SHOTPUT

1. NASA, News Releases 60-158 and 60-186. The second stage of the Shotput vehicle was an Allegany Ballistics Laboratory X-248 rocket, originally designed for the Vanguard and Thor-Able vehicles.

2. William J. O'Sullivan, Jr., Head of the Space Vehicle Group, LaRC, letter to Don Murray, 29 Sept. 1960.

 

THOR

1. W. C. Cleveland, Director of Public Relations, Douglas Missile & Space Systems Division, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 27 Aug. 1965.

2. Thomas Bulfinch, Mythology, Edmund Fuller, ed. (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1959), p. 243.

3. Lloyd Mallan, Peace Is a Three-Edged Sword (New York: Prentice-Hall [1964]), pp. 190-192.

4. NASA, News Release 68-84.

5. Ibid.; USAF, News Release 205.65; and NASA, program office.

 

TITAN

1. R. L. Tonsing, Director of Public Relations, Aerospace Division, Martin Marietta Corp., letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 26 Sept. 1965; and Lloyd Mallan, Peace Is a Three-Edged Sword (New York: Prentice-Hall [1964]), pp. 190-192.

2. Thomas Bulfinch, Mythology, Edmund Fuller, ed. (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1959), p. 15.

3. NASA, News Release 75-19.

 

 

PART II: SATELLITES

 

1. See Webster's Third New International Dictionary (unabridged); and Woodford Agee Heflin, The Second Aerospace Glossary (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University, 1966).

 

AEROS

1. NASA, News Release 69-91. The memorandum of understanding was signed 10 June 1969.

2. Lloyd E. Jones, Jr., Office of International Affairs, NASA, telephone interview, 4 June 1971.

3. NASA, "Project Approval Document," 27 Feb. 1970; NASA, program office.

 

ALOUETTE

1. See Jonathan D. Caspar, "The Alouette (S-27) Program: A Case Study in NASA International Cooperative Activities," HHN-42, 1964 (commented.) and 1965 (revised MS).

[189] 2. N. W. Morton, Dept. of National Defence, Canadian Joint Staff, letter to Arnold W. Frutkin, Director of International Programs, NASA, 27 April 1961.

3. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA, letter to N. W. Morton, 11 May 1961; and NASA, Announcement 312, 24 May 1961.

4. NASA, News Release 64-207; and Wallops Station, News Release 64-77.

 

ANS

1. NASA, News Release 70-91.

 

ARIEL

1. D. J. Gerhard, Office of the Scientific Attaché, U.K. Scientific Mission, Washington, D.C., letter to Arnold W. Frutkin, Director of International Programs, NASA, 15 Dec. 1961; Frutkin, memorandum to Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA, 15 Dec. 1961; and Boyd C. Myers 11 (Chairman, NASA Project Designation Committee), Director, Program Review and Resources Management, NASA, memorandum to Seamans, 2 Feb. 1962, with approval signature of Dr. Seamans.

2. NASA, News Release 74-36; NASA program office; UN Document A/AC.105/lNF.289, 18 April 1974.

 

ATS

1. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Hearings. . .NASA Authorization for FY 1964, Pt. 1, April 1963 (Washington: 1963), pp. 8, 143, 433-434.

2. Homer E. Newell, Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, NASA, in U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Hearings. . .NASA Authorization for FY l965, Pt. 2, March 1964 (Washington: 1964), p. 559.

3. NASA, News Release 64-50.

4. Robert F. Garbarini, Director of Engineering, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, memorandum to Director, Communication and Navigation Programs Division, NASA, 11 Sept. 1964.

5. Newell, memorandum to Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA, 2 Oct. 1964, with approval signature of Dr. Seamans.

 

AZUR

1. "Memorandum of Understanding between the German Ministry for Scientific Research and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration," attachment to NASA, News Release 69-146.

2. Charles F. Rice, Jr., GSFC [former AZUR Project Coordinator at GSFC], telephone interview, 2 June 1971.

 

BIOSATELLITE

1. NASA, News Release 66-312.

2. O. E. Reynolds, Director of Bioscience Programs, NASA, memorandum to Harold L. Goodwin (Member, NASA Project Designation Committee), Director, Office of Program [190] Development, NASA, 4 June 1962; and Jack Posner, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 10 Aug. 1965.

3. NASA Project Designation Committee, minutes of meeting 9 Jan. 1963.

 

ECHO

1. William J. O'Sullivan, "Notes on Project Echo" (MS), n.d.; and NASA, News Release 61-252.

2. John R. Pierce, "Orbital Radio Relays," Jet Propulsion, 25 (April 1955), 153-157.

3. E. W. Morse, "Preliminary History of the Origins of Project Syncom" (MS), 1964.

4. Robert W. Mulac, LaRC, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 10 Dec. 1963.

 

EOLE

1. NASA, News Release 66-156.

2. Ibid.

3. NASA, "Project Approval Document," 7 Dec. 1966; NASA, "Research and Development: Cooperative Effort/Flight" [FY 1969 Project Approval Document], 2 Dec. 1968; and NASA, News Release 70-222.

 

ERTS

1. John Hanessian, Jr., "International Aspects of Earth Resources Survey Satellite Programs," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 23 (Spring 1970), 535,541.

2. Although development funds were not approved until FY 1970, the first Project Approval Document was dated 7 Jan. 1969.

3. Eldon D. Taylor, Director of Program Review and Resources Management, NASA, memorandum to Chief, Management Issuances Section, NASA, 7 July 1966; and W. Fred Boone, Assistant Administrator for Defense Affairs, NASA, memorandum to Leonard Jaffe, Director of Space Applications Programs, NASA, 22 July 1966.

4. John E. Naugle, Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, NASA, prepared statement in U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Hearings. . .1972 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, March 1971 (Washington: 1971), pp. 156-157.

5. Jaffe, memorandum to Julian W. Scheer, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, 10 Jan. 1967.

6. Department of the Interior, Office of the Secretary, release, "Earth's Resources to Be Studied from Space," 21 Sept. 1966.

7. NASA, Program Review and Resources Management Office, "Chronology of NASA Earth Resources Program," 13 Dec. 1971; and George J. Vecchietti, Director of Procurement, NASA, memorandum to Philip N. Whittaker, Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs, NASA, 14 Oct. 1968.

8. James A. Long, Assistant Executive Secretary, NASA, notes of Project Designation Committee meeting, 17 Feb. 1970; and Long, telephone interview, 15 April 1971.

9. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Hearings. . .1975 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, February and March 1974 (Washington: 1974), pp. 50, 91; NASA, Project Approval Document, Encl. 27 to 61-600-SA, 14 Jan. 1974; and NASA, News Release 74-80.

10. Hearings. . .1975 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, p. 50.

 

[190] ESRO

1. NASA, News Release 64-178; and Ellen T. Rye, Office of International Affairs, NASA, telephone interview, 20 April 1967.

2. "Memorandum of Understanding between the European Space Research Organization and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration," attachment to NASA, News Release 64-178; and NASA, News Release, "Press Briefing: ESRO II and NASA International Cooperative Programs," 19 May 1967.

3. NASA, program office; and NASA, News Release 68-158.

4. NASA, program office.

5. "Memorandum of Understanding."

6. NASA, News Releases 66-332 and 68-204.

7. European Space Research Organization, Europe in Space, March 1974, pp. 21-40; and A. V. Cleaver, Spaceflight, 16, No. 6 (June 1974), 220-237.

 

ESSA

1. NASA-ESSA, ESSA l Press Kit, ES 66-7,30 Jan. 1966.

2. NASA, program office.

 

EXPLORER

1. A. Ruth Jarrell, Historical Office, MSFC, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 16 Dec. 1963.

2. R. Cargill Hall, Project Ranger: A Chronology, JPL/HR-2 (Washington: NASA, 1971), p. 46; Eugene M. Emme, Historian, NASA, memorandum for the record (after conversation with Richard Hirsch, National Aeronautics and Space Council Staff), 26 Feb. 1970.

3. Robert W. Mulac, LaRC, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 10 Dec. 1963.

4. NASA, News Release 70-203; NASA Headquarters Preliminary Results Press Briefing (transcript), 28 Dec. 1970; American Institute of Physics, News Release, 28 April 1971; John R. Holtz, Manager, Explorers, NASA, telephone interview, 20 March 1975.

5. NASA Facts, III, No. 4 (Washington: NASA, 1966); NASA, News Releases 65-333, 65-354, 68-16, 70-108; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Hearings . . . 1975 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, February and March 1974 (Washington: 1974), pp. 104-107, 189-190, 318.

6. John P. Donnelly, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, memorandum to Dr. John Naugle, Associate Administrator for Space Science, NASA, 8 June 1972; NASA program office; Henry L. Richter, Jr., ed., Instruments and Spacecraft, October 1957-March 1965, NASA SP-3028 (Washington: NASA, 1966), pp. 182,236,376,522; and NASA, Historical Division, Astronautics and Aeronautics.. Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy, 1968, NASA SP-4010 (Washington: NASA, 1969), p. 182.

7. NASA, News Release 75-19; and European Space Research Organization, Europe in Space, March 1974, pp. 20-22.

8. Donnelly, memorandum to Naugle, 8 June 1972; and NASA, News Release 75-19.

9. James C. Fletcher, Administrator, NASA, "The NASA FY 1975 Budget," statement for 4 Feb. 1974 release; NASA, Fiscal Year 1975 Budget Briefing (transcript), 2 Feb. 1974; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee [191] on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Hearings . . . 1975 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, February and March 1974 (Washington: 1974), pp. 5-7, 259-268; and NASA, FY 1976 Budget Briefing (transcript), 1 Feb. 1975.

 

FR-1

1. NASA, News Release 63-49. The program was initiated by a Memorandum of Understanding signed by NASA and CNES 18 Feb. 1963.

2. John R. Holtz, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 5 April 1967.

3. Homer E. Newell, Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, NASA, memorandum to NASA Headquarters and Field Centers, 24 May 1964. The memo was prepared for Dr. Newell's signature by FR-1 project manager John R. Holtz.

 

HEAO

1. NASA, Office of Technology Utilization, A Long-Range Program in Space Astronomy, NASA SP-213 (Washington: NASA, 1969), pp. 16-26.

2. Richard E. Halpern, Acting Director, Project HEAO, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 14 May 1971.

3. NASA News Releases 73-40 and 74-240.

 

HEOS

1. ESRO, Communique No. 41, 8 March 1967; Ellen T. Rye, Office of International Affairs, NASA, telephone interview, 20 April 1967; and NASA, News Release 68-204.

2. ESRO, Communiqué No. 41; and Oscar E. Anderson, Director, International Organizations Division, Office of International Affairs, NASA, memorandum to Eugene M. Emme, Historian, NASA, 20 Dec. 1968.

 

INTASAT

1. GSFC, Goddard News, 20, No. 6 (September 1972), 1; NASA, News Releases 72-275 and 75-19; and program office.

 

INTELSAT

1. ComSat Corp., Prospectus (Washington: ComSat Corp., 1964), p. 14.

2. Larry Hastings, ComSat Corp., telephone interview, 21 April 1967; ComSat Corp., News Release 67-45; and NASA, program office.

3. Hastings, telephone interview; and ComSat Corp., News Releases 67-45 and 67-48. Press sources have erroneously referred to the satellite as "Lani Bird II."

4. Hastings, telephone interview; ComSat Corp., News Release 67-48; and NASA, program office.

5. ComSat Corp., News Releases 67-48 and 69-53; NASA, News Releases 68-195 and 69-6; and NASA, program office.

6. ComSat Corp., Public Relations Office, telephone interview, 22 Dec. 1971; and NASA, program office.

 

[192] IRIS

1. NASA, program office.

 

ISIS

1. Ellen Thompson, Office of International Affalrs, NASA, telephone interview, 31 July 1965.

2. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Hearings . . . NASA Authorization for FY 1972, Pt. l, March and April 1971 (Washington: 1971), p. 561.

3. NASA, News Release 71-72.

4. E. Sherrell Andrews, Office of International Affairs, NASA, telephone interview, 28 June 1971.

 

LAGEOS

1. Eberhard Rees, Director, MSFC, memorandum to Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA, 25 Jan. 1973.

2. Ibid.; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Hearings . . . 1975 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, February and March 1974 (Washington 1974), pp. 104-106; NASA FY 1974 Budget News Conference (transcript), 23 Jan. 1973; and MSFC, News Releases 73-184 and 75-49.

 

NIMBUS

1. Robert F. Garbarini, Director of Applications, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 30 Dec. 1963; and William K. Widger, Jr., Meteorological Satellites (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1966), p. 153.

 

OAO

1. James E. Kupperian, Jr., Office of Space Flight Development, NASA, draft project outline, December 1958, with approval indicated by Gerhardt F. Schilling, Chief, Astronomy and Astrophysics Programs, Office of Space Flight Development, NASA; and Kupperian, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 18 Nov. 1963.

2. NASA, "Proposed National Aeronautics and Space Administration Project" [first official OAO project document], 12 March 1959; and Kupperian, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 18 Nov. 1963.

3. NASA, News Releases 72-141 and 72-156.

 

OFO

1. Robert W. Dunning, Office of Manned Space Flight [former OFO Experiment Pro gram Manager, Office of Advanced Research and Technology], NASA, telephone interview, 14 May 1971.

2. NASA, program office.

[194] 3. Ibid.

4. Dunning, telephone interview, 14 May 1971; and NASA, program office.

 

OGO

1. Jack Posner, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 10 Aug. 1965; and U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Hearings . . . NASA Scientific and Technical Programs, February and March 1961 (Washington: 1961), pp. 236-239.

 

OSO

1. Jack Posner, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 10 Aug. 1965; and U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Hearings . . . NASA Scientific and Technical Programs, February and March 1961 (Washington: 1961), pp. 240-242.

 

PAGEOS

1. NASA, News Release 66-150.

2. Jack Posner, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 10 Aug.1965.

3. NASA, News Release 66-150.

 

PEGASUS

1. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, NASA, memorandum to Julian Scheer, Chairman, Project Designation Committee [and Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs], NASA, 23 Dec. 1963.

2. Ibid.; Milton B. Ames, Jr., Director, Space Vehicle Division, Office of Advanced Research and Technology, NASA, letter to Edward G. Uhl, President, Fairchild Stratos Corp., 21 July 1964; and NASA, News Release 64-203.

 

RELAY

1. Abe Silverstein, Director, Office of Space Flight Programs, NASA, memorandum to Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA, with approval signature of Dr. Seamans.

2. Robert Warren, Communication and Navigation Programs, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 11 Dec. 1963.

 

SAN MARCO

1. Franco Fiorio, NASA Liaison for the Italian Space Commission, telephone interview, 2 Aug. 1965. Professor Broglio later became Chairman of the Italian Space Commission and San Marco Project General Director and Test Director; Professor Buongiorono, Assistant Project General Director; and Dr. Fiorio, NASA Liaison.

2. NASA, News Release 64-301; and NASA, Wallops Station, News Release 64-91.

 

[195] SEASAT

1. Francis L. Williams, Director of Special Programs, Office of Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 9 June 1975; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Hearings . . . 1975 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, February and March 1974 (Washington: 1974), pp. 3-4, 270-271; and NASA, News Release 75-1.

 

SIRIO

1. NASA, News Release 70-42.

2. Barbara A. Goetz, Office of International Affairs, NASA, telephone interview, 7 July 1971.

 

SMS

1. NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, minutes of meeting, 19 May 1960.

2. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics, Hearings . . . National Meteorological Satellite Program, July 1961 (Washington: 1961), p.32.

3. Michael L. Garbacz, Earth Observations Programs, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, l7 June 1971; NASA, News Release 63-18; and U.S. Congress. Senate, Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Hearings . . . NASA Authorization for FY 1964, Pt. 1, April 1963 (Washington: 1963), pp. 438-439, 441, 447.

4. NASA, Historical Office; and Garbacz, telephone interview, l7 June 1971.

5. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA, letter to J. Robert Hollomon, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology, Dept. of Commerce, 20 May 1965.

6. Garbacz, telephone interview, 11 June 1971; and NOAA, Space: Environmental Vantage Point, NOAA/PI 70033 (Washington 1971), pp. 34-35.

7. NASA, News Releases 74-95, 74-154; NASA, program office.

 

SPHINX

1. NASA, News Release 74-25; NASA, Photo 74-H-92.

 

SYMPHONIE

1. NASA, News Release 74-316; European Space Research Agency, Europe in Space, March 1974, pp. 75-77; NASA, program office, 13 Dec. 1974; and Ed Arnone, Today, 27 Nov. 1974.

2. Jean-Pierre Pujes, Scientific Attaché French Embassy, Washington, D.C., telephone interview, 9 May 1975; Aviation Week & Space Technology, 8 May 1967, p. 24; Webster's New International Dictionary, ed. 2 (unabridged).

 

SYNCOM

1. Alton E. Jones, GSFC, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 7 April 1964; and GSFC, "Syncom Preliminary Project Development Plan," 5 Aug. 1961.

[196] 2. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA, memorandum to Director, Office of Space Flight Programs, NASA, 17 Aug. 1961; and NASA, News Release 61-178.

 

TD

1. George D. Baker, Delta Project Office, GSFC, telephone interview, 23 July 1971.

2. NASA, News Release 66-332. TD was the second reimbursable launch under this agreement (HEOS 1 was the first).

3. R. Lust, "The European Space Research Organisation," Science, 149 (23 July 1965), 394-396. Negotiations for the purchase of U.S. launch vehicles were under way before the agreement was signed in 1966.

4. Baker, telephone interview; and "Europeans Reviewing Space Goals through Early 1970's," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 82 (14 June 1965), 200.

5. John L. Hess, "European Communication Satellite Seems Doomed," New York Times, 28 April 1968, p. 24; and Baker, telephone interview.

 

TELESAT

1. "Canadian Satellite," Washington Post, 16 April 1969, p. A17.

2. NASA, News Release 71-85.

3. Ibid.

 

TELSTAR

1. David Williamson, Jr., Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, NASA, memorandum to Boyd C. Myers II (Chairman, NASA Project Designation Committee), Director, Program Review and Resources Management, NASA, 18 Oct. 1961; and Myers, memorandum to Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA, 30 Oct. 1961, with approval signature of Dr. Seamans, 2 Nov. 1961.

 

TIROS, TOS, AND ITOS

1. Robert F. Garbarini, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 30 Dec. 1963.

2. NASA-ESSA, ESSA 1 Press Kit, n.d.

3. Ibid.

4. NASA, News Release 66-115.

5. NASA, News Release 70-2.

6. NASA, program office.

 

VANGUARD

1. Milton W. Rosen, Office of Defense Affairs, NASA, letter to R. Cargill Hall, Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 28 Aug. 1963.

2. Ibid.; Rosen, telephone interview, 16 Feb. 1965; and Chief of Naval Research, letter to Director, Naval Research Laboratory, 16 Sept. 1955.

 

WESTAR

1. Western Union Telegraph Co., Communicator, Summer 1973, pp. 4-5; UPI, ``Western Union Proposes Satellite Telegram System," New York Times, 8 Nov. 1966, p. 15; NASA, [197] program office; and Dow Jones News Service, "Western Union Files Domestic Satellite Plan," Washington Evening Star, 31 July 1970, p. A14.

2. AP, "Satellite Relay for U.S. Approved," New York Times, 5 Jan. 1973, p. 1; "The Day of the Domsat," Time, 29 April 1974, p. 2; and NASA, program office.

3. Frances Shissler, Western Union Telegraph Co., McLean, Va., telephone interview, 2 April 1975.

 

 

PART III: SPACE PROBES

 

1. Milton Lehman, This High Man: The Life of Robert H. Goddard (New York: Farrar, Straus and Co., 1963), pp. 81-82.

2. William R. Corliss, Space Probes and Planetary Exploration (Princeton: Van Nostrand Co., 1965), p. 10.

3. Edgar M. Cortright, Assistant Director of Lunar and Planetary Programs, NASA, memorandum to NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, 17 May 1960; and NASA, Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, minutes of meeting, 19 May 1960.

 

HELIOS

1. NASA, News Release 69-86. The memorandum of understanding was signed 10 June 1969.

2. Lloyd E. Jones, Jr., Office of International Affairs, NASA, telephone interview, 31 July 1969.

3. NASA, Historical Staff, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1963: Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy, NASA SP-4004 (Washington: NASA, 1964), p. 73; and Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965, NASA SP-4006 (1966), p. 554.

 

LUNAR ORBITER

1. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations' Subcommittee on Independent Offices, Hearings . . . FY 1966 Independent Offices Appropriations, Pt. 2 (Washington: 1965), p. 858.

2. Jack Posner, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 10 Aug. 1965.

3. NASA, News Release 68-23.

 

MARINER

1. Edgar M. Cortright, Assistant Director of Lunar and Planetary Programs, NASA, memorandum to NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, 17 May 1960; and NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, minutes of m"eting 19 May 1960.

2. NASA, News Release 75-19.

 

PIONEER

1. David S. Akens, Historical Origins of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, MHM-1 (Huntsville: MSFC), 1960, p. 51, fn. 28; Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of [198] Space, 1915-1960 (Washington: NASA, 1961), pp. 102-103; and Emme, "Names of Launchings," enclosure to letter, 12 May 1960.

2. M/G Reginald M. Cram, Adjutant General, State of Vermont, letter to Stephen A. Saliga, Visual Aids Chief, NASA, 6 Feb. 1970; and Saliga, memorandum to Eugene M. Emme, Historian, NASA, 13 April 1972. M/G Cram was commander of the Air Force Orientation Group at the time.

3. John F. Clark, Director, GSFC, "Galactic/Jupiter Probes," address at the Fifth Goddard Memorial Symposium (AAS meeting), 14 March 1967; and Thomas P. Dallow, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 14 June 1971.

4. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics, Hearings . . . 1969 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, February 1968 (Washington: 1968), pp. 207-208, 239-243.

5. George M. Low, Deputy Administrator, NASA, "Letter from Washington," NASA Activities, 5 (15 Dec. 1974), 3; and Peter W. Waller, Public Information Officer, ARC, telephone interview, 27 Feb. 1975. ARC Director Hans Mark had chosen this name from suggestions made by several persons in the Pioneer project and the Public Affairs Office.

6. NASA, News Release 75-19.

 

RANGER

1. Edgar M. Cortright, Assistant Director of Lunar and Planetary Programs, NASA, memorandum to NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, 17 May 1960; and NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, minutes of meeting, 19 May 1960.

2. Oran W. Nicks, Director of Lunar and Planetary Programs, NASA, in U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics, Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, Hearings. . . Investigation of Project Ranger, April 1964 (Washington: 1964), p. 56.

3. William H. Pickering, Director, JPL, letter to Abe Silverstein, Director of Space Flight Programs, NASA, 6 May 1960; and Muriel M. Hickey, Secretary to JPL Historian, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 18 July 1967.

 

SURVEYOR

1. Edgar M. Cortright, Assistant Director of Lunar and Planetary Programs, NASA, memorandum to NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, 17 May 1960; and NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, minutes of meetings, 19 May 1960.

2. NASA, Office of Technology Utilization, Surveyor Program Results, NASA SP-184 (Washington: NASA, 1969), pp. v-vii.

 

VIKING

1. Walter Jakobowski, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, telephone interview, 16 July 1969.

2. Peter F. Korycinski, Office of the Director, LaRC, memorandum to Historical Division, NASA, 4 Sept. 1969.

 

 

[199] PART IV: MANNED SPACE FLIGHT

 

1. Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 105.

2. John F. Kennedy [Special Messages to the Congress, 25 May 1961], General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1961 (Washington: 1962), p. 404.

 

APOLLO

1. Merle G. Waugh, Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA, letter to James M. Grimwood, Historian, MSC, 5 Nov. 1963. The precedent of Mercury's name had been given consideration in NASA as early as 16 May 1960, when the Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects "tentatively decided that the manned space flight programs will be named after the gods and heroes of mythology, thus continuing in the present class begun by `Mercury.'" (NASA Ad Hoc Committee to Name Space Projects and Objects, minutes of meeting, 16 May 1960.)

2. Thomas Bulfinch, Mythology, Edmund Fuller, ed. (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1959), pp. 17, 40ff.

3. Abe Silverstein, Director, Office of Space Flight Programs, NASA, memorandum to Harry J. Goett, Director, GSFC, July 25,1960.

4. Julian W. Scheer, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, memorandum from Project Designation Committee, 9 June 1966.

5. George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA, memorandum to Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Deputy Administrator, NASA, 9 Feb. 1967; Scheer, memorandum to Seamans, 17 Feb. 1967; Mueller, memorandum to Scheer, 28 March 1967; George M. Low, Deputy Director, MSC, letter to Mueller, 30 March 1967; Scheer, memorandum to distribution, 3 April 1967; and Mueller, TWX to KSC, MSFC, and MSC, Apollo and AAP Mission Designation, 24 March and 24 April 1967.

 

ASTP

1. The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future, Space Task Group report to the President; General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 5 (22 Sept. 1969), 1291, and Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1971), pp. 250-253; and Thomas O. Paine, "Man's Future in Space," 1972 Tizard Memorial Lecture, Westminster School, London, 14 March 1972.

2. Paine, "Man's Future in Space"; NASA, News Release, "Text of US/USSR Space Agreement," 24 May 1972, and News Release 72-109.

3. NASA, News Release, "Text," and News Release 72-109.

4. "Washington Roundup." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 96 (15 May 1972), 13; Richard D. Lyons, "Chief Astronaut Foresees Further Cuts in the Corps," New York Times, 28 May 1972, 1; John P. Donnelly, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, memorandum to Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Space Flight, NASA, 30 June [200] 1972; and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, Project Approval Document, Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA, 19 Dec. 1972 and 6 Oct. 1973.

5. NASA, News Release 75-9.

 

GEMINI

1. Glenn F. Bailey, MSC, interview, 13 Dec. 1966, reported by James M. Grimwood, Historian, MSC, 23 May 1968.

2. Alex P. Nagy, Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA, memorandum to George M. Low, Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA, 11 Dec. 1961; D. Brainerd Holmes, Director of Manned Space Flight Programs, NASA, memorandum to Associate Administrator, NASA, 16 Dec. 1961; Holmes, memorandum to Associate Administrator, NASA, 2 Jan. 1962; Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary, USAF, letter to Eugene M. Emme, Historian, NASA, 3 June 1969; and desk calendar of Seamans, Associate Administrator, NASA, 15 Dec. 1961. Nagy's memorandum to Low proposing the name "Gemini" was dated 11 Dec., four days before Dr. Seamans' speech, but Dr. Seamans received his proposal and one from the member of the audience at about the same time.

3. Thomas Bulfinch, Mythology, Edmund Fuller, ed, (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc.; 1959), pp. 130-131.

4. Holmes, memorandum to Associate Administrator, NASA, 16 Dec. 1961; and NASA, "NASA Photo Release 62-Gemini-2," 3 Jan. 1962.

5. Grimwood, Project Mercury: A Chronology, NASA SP-4001 (Washington: NASA, 1963), p. 133; Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201 (Washington: NASA, 1966), pp. 491-492; and Seamans, Associate Administrator, NASA, memorandum to George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA, and Julian W. Scheer, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, 4 May 1965.

 

MERCURY

1. Thomas Bulfinch, Mythology, Edmund Fuller, ed, (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1959), p. 18.

2. Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201 (Washington: NASA, 1966), pp. 131-132.

3. Ibid., p. 160. The earliest written record of the word "astronaut" is found in the writings of French poet Cyrano de Bergerac (1619-1655).

4. George M. Low, Chief, Manned Space Flight, Office of Space Flight Programs, NASA, memorandum to Abe Silverstein, Director, Office of Space Flight Programs, NASA, 12 Dec. 1958; and Swenson, Grimwood, and Alexander, This New Ocean, p. 342.

5. Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander, This New Ocean, p. 342.

6. Ibid., p. 368.

7. Ibid., p.446.

8. Ibid., p.470.

9. Ibid., p.492.

 

SKYLAB

1. John H. Disher, Deputy Director, Skylab Program, NASA, telephone interview, 19 Oct. 1971; NASA, Historical Staff, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1964: Chronology on [201] Science, Technology, and Policy, NASA SP-4005 (Washington: NASA, 1965), pp. 145,363; and Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965, NASA SP-4006 (1966), p. 174.

2. Disher, telephone interview, 19 Oct. 1971; U.S. Senate, Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Hearings . . . NASA Authorization for FY 1967, February and March 1966 (Washington: 1966), pp. 163-166, 238-239; and NASA, Historical Staff, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965, pp. 418, 429.

3. NASA, News Releases 69-105 and 69-164.

4. L/C Donald L. Steelman, USAF, telephone interview, 12 Oct. 1971; and James A. Long, Assistant Executive Secretary, Office of the Administrator, NASA, notes of meeting of Project Designation Committee, 17 Feb. 1970.

 

SPACE SHUTTLE

1. LeRoy E. Day, Deputy Director of Space Shuttle Program, NASA, telephone interview, 2 April 1975; David Williamson, Jr., Assistant Administrator for Special Projects, NASA, telephone interview, April 1975; Ralph B. Jackson, Historical Monitor, Flight Research Center, telephone interview, 16 April 1975; and Norman L. Baker, Editor-in-Chief, Defense/Space Business Daily, telephone interview, 22 April 1975.

2. "Commercial Moon Flights Predicted within 30 Years," Birmingham Post-Herald, 9 Nov. 1962, report of Koelle's October paper for the American Rocket Society; and George S. James, "New Space Transportation System-An A1AA Assessment," unpublished draft paper [December 1972].

3. NASA, News Release, "Background Material and NASA Fiscal Year 1967 Budget Briefing," 22 Jan. 1966; and The Space Program in the Post-Apollo Period, report of President's Science Advisory Committee (Washington: Government Printing Office, February 1967), p. 37.

4. Wernher von Braun, "Crossing the Last Frontier," Collier's, 129, No. 12(22 March 1952), 24-29, 72-74.

5. "Space Technology Highlights," Astronautical Sciences Review, October-December 1959, pp. 6-8, 29; and Courtney Sheldon, "Shuttle to Planets Awaits Development," Christian Science Monitor, 8 Dec. 1959.

6. Douglas Aircraft Co,, "Summary Report and Rombus Systems Definition," Vol. l, Douglas Report SM-42969, April 1963.

7. Walter J. Dornberger, "Space Shuttle for the Future: The Aerospaceplane," Rendezvous, 4, No. 1 (1965), 2-5; and Dornberger, "The Recoverable, Reusable Space Shuttle," Astronautics & Aeronautics, November 1965, pp. 88-94.

8. Robert F. Frietag, Director, MSF Field Center Development, NASA, "Space Shuttle Name," note for George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA, 13 June 1969.

9. Mueller, briefing charts for address before British Interplanetary Society meeting, London, 10 Aug. 1968; and Mueller, prepared text, address before National Space Club, 26 Nov. 1968.

10. R. J. Wisniewski, Deputy Director for Programs, Programs and Resources Division, Office of Advanced Research and Technology, NASA, memorandum to OART Division Directors and Manager, SNPO, 10 Nov. 1969; Howard M. Weiss, Reliability and Quality Assurance Office (KR), NASA, memorandum to KR/Space Shuttle File, 19 Nov. 1969; NASA, News Release 69-70; NASA, Space Shuttle Conference Agenda, Washington, D.C., 16-17 Oct. 1969; and The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future, Space Task Group report to the President, September 1969.

[202] 11. NASA, News Release 74-211; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight, Hearings . . . FY NASA Authorization, Pt. 2, February and March 1974 (Washington: 1974), p. 9; and JSC, Space Shuttle, February 1975.

12. Joseph E. McGolrick, Manager for Advanced Programs and Technical Programs, Office of Space Science, NASA, telephone interview, 19 May 1975; McGolrick, Launch Vehicle Programs, NASA, memorandum for LV (Files), 5 Jan. 1961; and The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future.

 

SPACELAB

1. NASA, News Releases 71-6 and 71-67; MSFC, News Releases 71-34 and 72-41; and U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight, Hearings . . . 1973 NASA Authorization, Pt. 2, February and March 1972 (Washington: 1972), pp. 238-245.

2. John P. Donnelly, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA, memorandum to Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA, 8 June 1972.

3. NASA, News Release 73-191; and Astronautics and Aeronautics: Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy for 1969, 1970, 1971, and 1972, NASA SP-4014 through SP-4017 (Washington: NASA, 1970, 1972, and 1974).

4. NASA, News Release 73-191; and JSC, Space Shuttle (Washington: GPO, February 1975).

5. James C. Fletcher, Administrator, NASA, memorandum to Administrators, Associate Administrators, Assistant Administrators, and Directors of Field Centers, 24 Sept. 1973.

6. Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA, Spacelab/CVT Program Approval Document (PAD), 4 Dec. 1974; NASA, News Releases 73-191 and 74-198; ESRO, News Release, 5 June 1974; ESRO, Europe in Space, March 1974, pp. 42-47; and Fletcher, prepared text for address before the National Space Club, Washington, D.C., 14 Feb, 1974.

7. NASA, News Release 75-28.

8. Douglas R. Lord, Director, Spacelab Program, NASA, prepared testimony for Hearings, FY 1976 NASA Authorization, before House Committee on Science and Technology's Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, 20 Feb. 1975; NASA, News Release 73-191; and ESRO, News Releases, 4 Sept. 1974 and 21 Feb. 1975.

 

 

PART V: SOUNDING ROCKETS

 

1. See Homer E. Newell, ed., Sounding Rockets (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1959), pp. 1-2; and Space: The New Frontier, NASA EP-6 (Washington: NASA, 1966), pp. 37-41.

2. Meteorological Satellites and Sounding Rockets, NASA EP-27 (Washington: NASA [1965]), p.17.

3. Robert H. Goddard, "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1919), 71, No. 2, in Newell, "The Use of Rockets for Geophysical and Solar Research," Chap. II in Sounding Rockets, p. 28.

4. Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington: NASA, 1961), p. 51; and Newell, "The Use of Rockets for Geophysical and Solar Research," Chap. II in Sounding Rockets, p. 28.

[203] 5. See Wallace W. Atwood, Jr., The International Geophysical Year in Retrospect, Dept. of State Publication 6850 (Washington: Dept. of State, 1959), from Department of State Bulletin, 11 May 1959.

6. GSFC, Sounding Rocket Division, The United States Sounding Rocket Program, X-740-71 -337 preprint (Greenbelt, Md.: GSFC, July 1971), p. 1; and NASA, News Release 75-19.

7. GSFC, The United States Sounding Rocket Program, pp. 2-3,36.

8. Ibid., p. 38; John R. Holtz, Manager, Explorers, Sounding Rockets and Balloons, Office of Space Science, NASA, telephone interview, 16 Dec. 1974.

 

AEROBEE

1. Peter T. Eaton, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 2 May 1967; and James A. Van Allen, Eleanor Pressly, and John W. Townsend, Jr., "The Aerobee Rocket," Chap. IV in Homer E. Newell, ed., Sounding Rockets (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1959), p. 57.

2. John W. Townsend, Jr,, Eleanor Pressly, Robert M. Slavin, and Louis Kraff, Jr., "The Aerobee-Hi Rocket," Chap. V in Newell, Sounding Rockets, p. 71.

3. GSFC, Encyclopedia: Satellites and Sounding Rockets of Goddard Space Flight Center, 1959-1969 (Greenbelt, Md.: GSFC [1970]), p. 321; William R. Corliss, NASA Sounding Rockets, 1958-1968: A Historical Summary, NASA SP-4401 (Washington: NASA, 1971), pp. 79-80; and Herbert J. Honecker, Advanced Vehicles Section, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, memorandum to John H. Lane, Head, Flight Performance Branch, 10 Jan. 1975.

4. GSFC, Sounding Rocket Division, The United States Sounding Rocket Program, X-740-71-337 preprint (Greenbelt, Md.: GSFC, July 1971), pp. 38, 47; and Edward E. Mayo, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, NASA, 30 Jan. 1975.

 

APACHE

1. Alfred Rosenthal, Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA SP-4301 (Washington NASA, 1968), pp. 127-129; Space: The New Frontier, NASA EP-6 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 38; Vehicles Section, Spacecraft Integration and Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, telephone interview, 19 March 1970; and GSFC, Sounding Rocket Division, The United States Sounding Rocket Program, X-740-71-337 preprint (Greenbelt, Md.: GSFC, July 1971), pp. 38, 47.

2. R. Gilbert Moore and John M. McGarry, Astro-Met Plant, Thiokol Corp., joint telephone interview, 21 May 1975; and John H. Lane, Head, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, 30 Jan. 1975.

 

ARCAS

1. Atlantic Research Corp., Announcement released by U.S. Army Missile Support Agency, 26 Jan. 1959.

2. Peter T. Eaton, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 2 May 1967.

3. W. C. Roberts, Jr., and R. C. Webster, Atlantic Research Corp., "Arcas Rocketsonde System Development," 3 Sept. 1959; and GSFc, Encyclopedia: Satellites and Sounding [204] Rockets of Goddard Space Flight Center, 1959-1969 (Greenbelt, Md,: GSFC [1970]), p. 321.

4. John H. Lane, Head, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, NASA, 30 Jan. 1975.

 

ARGO

1. Peter T. Eaton, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 2 May 1967.

2. Alfred Rosenthal, Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA SP-4301 (Washington: NASA, 1968), pp. 127-129.

3. John H. Lane, Head, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, NASA, 30 Jan. 1975; Eaton, letter; and Wallops Station, News Release 71-12.

 

ARIES

1. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Hearings . . . 1975 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, February and March 1974 (Washington: 1974), pp. 117, 456, 560-561; John R. Holtz, Manager, Explorers, Sounding Rockets and Balloons, Office of Space Science, NASA, telephone interview, 16 Dec. 1974; and John H. Lane, Head, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, 30 Jan. 1975.

2. Holtz, telephone interview.

3. Hearings . . . 1975 NASA Authorization, Pt. 3, pp. 116-117.

4. William H. Conway, Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, telephone interview, 16 Dec. 1974; and Herbert J. Honecker, Advanced Vehicles Section, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, memorandum to John H. Lane, Head, Flight Performance Branch, 10 Jan. 1975.

 

ASP

1. Robert B. Cox, "Asp," in Homer E. Newell, ed., Sounding Rockets (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.,Inc., 1959), p. 105.

2. Peter T. Eaton, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 2 May 1967.

 

BLACK BRANT

1. A. W. Fia, Vice President, Rocket and Space Division, Bristol Aerospace Ltd., "Canadian Sounding Rockets: Their History and Future Prospects," Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, 20, No. 8 (October 1974), 396-406.

2. Fia, letter to Historical Office, NASA, 27 Dec. 1974.

3. Fia, "Canadian Sounding Rockets"; and NASA, sounding rocket launch reports, 1973, 1974.

4. Fia, "Canadian Sounding Rockets"; and Richard H. Ott, Jr., Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, NASA, 30 Jan. 1975.

 

[205] CAJUN

1. William J. O'Sullivan, Jr., "Deacon and Cajun," Chap. VI in Homer E. Newell, ed., Sounding Rockets (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1959), pp. 100-101; Peter T. Eaton, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 2 May 1967; and R. Gilbert Moore and John M. McGarry, Astro-Met Plans, Thiokol Corp., joint telephone interview, 21 May 1975.

2. O'Sullivan, "Deacon and Cajun," pp. 96-97, 100-101.

3. Alfred Rosenthal, Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA SP-4301 (Washington: NASA, 1968), pp. 127-129; and GSFC, Sounding Rocket Division, The United States Sounding Rocket Program, X-740-71-337 preprint (Greenbelt, Md.: GSFC, July 1971), p. 38.

 

HAWK

1. Bobby J. Flowers, Hawk project engineer, Wallops Station, telephone interview, 7 Jan. 1975.

2. Ibid.; and John H. Lane, Head, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, telephone interview, 17 Dec. 1974.

 

MALEMUTE

1. William J. Bolster, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, NASA, 30 Jan. 1975; and R. Gilbert Moore and John M. McGarry, Astro-Met Plant, Thiokol Corp., joint telephone interview, 21 May 1975.

2. Bolster, information sent Historical Office.

 

NIKE

1. Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington: NASA, 1961), p. 49; and Peter T. Eaton, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 2 May 1967.

2. Edward E. Mayo, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, NASA, 30 Jan. 1975.

 

TERRIER

1. Edward E. Mayo, Flight Performance Branch, Sounding Rocket Division, GSFC, information sent to Historical Office, NASA, 30 Jan. 1975.

 

TOMAHAWK

1. R. Gilbert Moore and John M. McGarry, Astro-Met Plant, Thiokol Corp., joint telephone interview, 21 May 1975.

2. GSFC, Sounding Rocket Branch, The United States Sounding Rocket Program, X-740-71-337 preprint (Greenbelt, Md.: GSFC, July 1971), pp. 38,47.

 

 

[206] PART VI: INSTALLATIONS

 

AMES

1. Jerome C. Hunsaker, Forty Years of Aeronautical Research, Smithsonian Publication 4237, reprint from Smithsonian Report for 1955 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1956), p. 261; and Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 21.

2. Hunsaker, Forty Years, pp. 255, 265-266.

3. Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington: NASA, 1961), p. 102.

 

ERC

1. NASA, News Release 64-219; NASA, Announcement 64-189; and NASA, Circulars 320 and 321.

2. NASA, News Release 69-171; General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 6, No. 13 (30 March 1970), 446; and Department of Transportation, Release 6870.

 

FRC

1. Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington: NASA, 1961), p. 55,

2. Forty-second Annual Report of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1956 (Washington: NACA, 1957), pp. 6-9; and "A Brief History of the NASA Flight Research Center," enclosure in Jack Fischel, FRC, letter to Manley Hood, Office of the Director, ARC, 2 Feb. 1968.

3. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1915-1960, p. 113.

 

GSFC

1. Public Law 85-657, 14 Aug. 1958, in Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 79.

2. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order No. 10783, 1 Oct. 1958; and NASA, Beltsville Space Center, General Notice No. 1, 15 Jan. 1959, in Alfred Rosenthal, Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA SP-4301 (Washington: NASA, 1968), Appendix H.

3. Rosenthal, Venture into Space, p. 29.

4. See Milton Lehman, This High Man: The Life of Robert H. Goddard (New York: Farrar, Straus and Co., 1963).

5. Rosholt, Administrative History, p. 124; NASA, News Release 61-15; and Rosenthal, Venture into Space, pp. 59-60. NASA announced plans 2 Jan. 1961 for establishment of the New York office and formal operations began in May of that year.

 

JPL

1. Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington: NASA, 1961), p. 34.

[207] 2. Ibid., p.48.

3. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order No. 10793,3 Dec. 1958, in Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 47.

 

JSC

1. Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington: NASA, 1966), pp. 124, 214.

2. Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 392.

3. Congressional Record-Senate, 26 Jan. 1973 (Washington: 1973), p. S1344; Congressional Record-House, 29 Jan, 1973, p. H553; 7 Feb. 1973, p. H77.

4. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Director, Manned Spacecraft Center, letter to Sen. Frank E. Moss, Chairman, Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 1 Feb. 1973; James C. Fletcher, Administrator, NASA, letter to Rep, Olin E. Teague, Chairman, House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 5 Feb, 1973; Gerald J, Mossinghoff, Assistant General Counsel for General Law, NASA, telephone interview, 28 June 1974; Congressional Record-Daily Digest, 2 Feb, 1973, p. D71.

5. Congressional Record-Senate 6 Feb. 1973, pp. S2229-2230; Congressional Record-House, 7 Feb, 1973, pp. H838-839; Congressional Record-Daily Digest, 20 Feb. 1973, p. D117; NASA Notice 1132,17 Feb, 1973.

6. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Aeronautics and Space Sciences, Tenth Anniversary, 1958-1968, S. Doc. 116, 19 July 1968 (Washington: 1968), and Statements by Presidents of the United States on International Cooperation in Space, S. Doc. 92-40, 24 Sept. 1971 (Washington: 1971), pp. 55-90; and JSC, transcript, "Dedication of Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center," 27 Aug. 1973.

7. White House Release, Key Biscayne, Florida, 19 [17] Feb. 1973.

8. MSC, Weekly Activities Report, 24-30 June 1962; James M. Grimwood, Historian, MSC; MSC, Message 7-02, 2 July 1962.

9. MSC, Announcement 65-86, 25 June 1965; and Grimwood

 

KSC

1. Frank E. Jarrett, Jr,, and Robert A. Lindemann, Historical Origins of NASA's Launch Operations Center to July 1, 1962, KHM-1 (Cocoa Beach: KSC, 1964), pp. 21-22, 32. The Long Range Proving Ground was operated by the Air Force and activated 1 Oct. 1949, at what had been the Banana River Naval Air Station.

2. Ibid., p. 68; and Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 123.

3. Jarrett and Lindemann, Origins of LOC, p. 54.

4. NASA, Circular 208, in Jarrett and Lindemann, Origins of LOC, Appendix A.

5. President Lyndon B. Johnson, Executive Order No. 11129, 29 Nov. 1963, in Angela C. Gresser, Historical Aspects Concerning the Redesignation of Facilities at Cape Canaveral, KHN-1 (Cocoa Beach: KSC, 1964), p. 15.

6. Rosholt, Administrative History, pp. 214-215.

7. Gresser, Redesignation of Facilities, p. 9.

8. KSC, Announcement, 26 July 1965.

9. NASA, Circular 267-A.

[208] 10. Rosholt, Administrative History, p. 124; and NASA, Circular 208, in Jarrett and Lindemann, Origins of LOC, Appendix A.

11. KSC Organization Chart, in NASA Management Instruction 1142.2, 30 Sept. 1965; and NASA, Weekly Bulletin, 1-65, 15 Nov. 1964, pp. 1-2.

 

LaRC

1. Jerome C. Hunsaker, Forty Years of Aeronautical Research, Smithsonian Publication 4237, reprint from Smithsonian Report for 1955 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1956), pp. 250-251. John F. Victory's Day Book states that ground was broken at Langley Field 17 July 1917.

2. Bessie Zaban Jones, Lighthouse of the Skies: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory: Background and History, 1846-1955, Smithsonian Publication 4612 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965), pp. 105, 155-158.

3. Hunsaker, Forty Years, p. 251.

4. Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington: NASA, 1961), p. 102.

 

LeRC

1. Jerome C. Hunsaker, Forty Years of Aeronautical Research, Smithsonian Publication 4237, reprint from Smithsonian Report for 1955 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1956); and Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 21.

2. Michael Keller, author of "Thirty-Year History of Langley Research Center," unpublished, interview, 24 Aug. 1966.

3. V/A Emory S, Land, "George William Lewis: An Address," in George William Lewis Commemoration Ceremony [program] (Cleveland: NACA Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, 28 Sept. 1948).

4. Hunsaker, Forty Years, plate 2 (caption), and p. 242.

5. Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington: NASA, 1961), p. 102.

6. Hugh W. Harris, LaRC, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 2 May 1967; and Lewis Research Center, Plum Brook Station (fact sheet), March 1967.

7. NASA, News Release 73-3; LeRC, News Release 73-10a; Hugh W. Harris, Public Information Office, LeRC, telephone interview, 24 June 1974; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Authorizing Appropriations to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Rpt. No. 93-983, 10 April 1974 (Washington: 1974); and Public Information Office, LeRC, "Response to Queries" [June 1974].

 

MSFC

1. David S. Akens, Historical Origins of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, MHM-1 (Huntsville: MSFC, 1960); and Frank E. Jarrett, Jr., and Robert A. Lindemann, Historical Origins of NASA's Launch Operations Center to July 1, 1962, KHM-l (Cocoa Beach: KSC, 1964), p. x.

2. Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington: NASA, 1966), p. 120.

[209] 3. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10870, 17 March 1960, in Akens, Origins of MSFC, p. 77; and Rosholt, Administrative History, p. 120.

4. Akens, Origins of MSFC, p. 81; cf. Rosholt, Administrative History, pp. 118-123.

5. NASA, News Release 61-201; and Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA, letter to MSFC, in MSFC, Historical Office, History of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center: July 1-December 31,1961, MHM-4 (Huntsville: MSFC, 1962), I, 38.

6. MSFC, News Release 65-167. The new name was instituted in a new organization chart signed by NASA Administrator James E. Webb 28 May 1965, but not issued as of 1 July 1965.

7. NASA, News Release 61-236; Robert P. Young, Executive Assistant, Office of the Administrator, NASA, letter to Army Chief of Engineers, 29 Nov, 1961; NASA, Circular 188; Seamans, letter to MSFC, in MSFC, Historical Office, History of MSFC, p, 38; and L. L. Jones, Historical Office, MSFC, letter to Historical Staff, NASA, 26 Aug. 1966.

8. MSFC, News Release 65-167.

9. NASA, News Release 70-98; and MSFC, Marshall Star, 10 Nov, 1970, pp. 1, 4.

10. NASA, News Release 70-147; Leonard Jaffe, Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, memorandum to Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications (Applications), NASA, 6 May 1970; Jaffe, memorandum for the record, "Use of the Mississippi Test Facility (MTF)," 11 June 1970; S. M. Smolensky, Special Assistant for Policy, NASA, to J. Cramer, Legislative Affairs Officer (OMSF), NASA, 7 April 1971; and NASA, News Release 74-159.

11. NASA, News Releases 71-30 and 72-167.

12. NASA, News Release 74-159.

 

NSTL

1. NASA, News Release 74-159.

2. NASA, News Release 70-98; and MSFC, Marshall Star, 10 Nov. 1970, pp. 1,4.

3. NASA, News Releases 70-98, 70-114, 70-141, and 70-147.

4. NASA, News Releases 71-30 and 72-167.

5. NASA, News Releases 74-159 and 70-147.

6. NASA, News Release 74-159.

 

WALLOPS

1. Joseph A. Shortal, "History of Wallops Station," Part I: "Origin and Activities through 1949" (commented.), July 1967, pp. 47,49,50.

2. Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington: NASA, 1966), pp. 48, 81, Figs. 3-1, and Appendix B.

3. NASA, News Release, 24 Jan. 1959.

4. LaRC, Air Scoop, 22 July 1960. The Air Scoop credits the Accomac, Va., Peninsula Enterprise newspaper for this information.

5. NASA, Special Announcement, 25 April 1974; Wallops Station News Release 74-2.

 

PHOTOGRAPHS OF MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES

 

Atlas, sculpture in the National Museum, Naples. Cosmos Pictures Co., New York, from the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Department.

[210] Centaur, Reproduced by the Library of Congress from Richard P. Knight, The Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythology, Alexander Wilder trans. (New York: J. W. Bouton, 1892).

Juno, in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. From the Library of Congress Prints and Photo graphs Department.

Saturn, Reproduced by the Library of Congress from Bernard de Montfaucon, L'AntiquitÈ ExpliquÈ et RepresentÈe en Figures, Vol. 1, Lex Dieux des Grecs et des Romaines, ed. 2 (Paris: 1722).

Thor, statue by B. E. Fogelberg. Reproduced by the Library of Congress from Donald A. MacKenzie, Teutonic Myth and Legend (New York: William H. Wise & Co,, 1934).

Ocean, a Titan. Reproduced from de Montfaucon.

Apollo, fourth century sculpture in the Vatican Museum, Rome. Photograph from George Washington University Department of Art.

Castor and Pollux, the Gemini, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. Reproduced from the collections of the Library of Congress.

Mercury, bronze by Giovanni Bologna in the Mellon Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Photograph from the National Gallery.

Winged Nike (Victory of Samothrace) in the Louvre, Paris, The Perry Pictures, Boston ed., from the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Department.


previousindexnext